Arrangement of atoms or group of atoms in a three dimensional ordered pattern in a crystal is said to be a crystalline lattice. They are arranged in a specific pattern with high symmetry. The heating of the crystal at high temperature will result in the increase of vibrational kinetic energy of the atoms in the crystal and this will result in the breaking of lattice apart and due to the breaking of lattice apart the ions will flow freely.
Thus, the heating of a solid at high temperature will lead to the lattice breaks apart and ions will flow freely.
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<span>12.4 g
First, calculate the molar masses by looking up the atomic weights of all involved elements.
Atomic weight manganese = 54.938044
Atomic weight oxygen = 15.999
Atomic weight aluminium = 26.981539
Molar mass MnO2 = 54.938044 + 2 * 15.999 = 86.936044 g/mol
Now determine the number of moles of MnO2 we have
30.0 g / 86.936044 g/mol = 0.345081265 mol
Looking at the balanced equation
3MnO2+4Al→3Mn+2Al2O3
it's obvious that for every 3 moles of MnO2, it takes 4 moles of Al. So
0.345081265 mol / 3 * 4 = 0.460108353 mol
So we need 0.460108353 moles of Al to perform the reaction. Now multiply by the atomic weight of aluminum.
0.460108353 mol * 26.981539 g/mol = 12.41443146 g
Finally, round to 3 significant figures, giving 12.4 g</span>
Answer:
the applied force is greater than the force of friction
Explanation:
The characteristics of the α and β particles allow to find the design of an experiment to measure the ²³⁴Th particles is:
-
On a screen, measure the emission as a function of distance and when the value reaches a constant, there is the beta particle emission from ²³⁴Th.
- The neutrons cannot be detected in this experiment because they have no electrical charge.
In Rutherford's experiment, the positive particles directed to the gold film were measured on a phosphorescent screen that with each arriving particle a luminous point is seen.
The particles in this experiment are α particles that have two positive charge and two no charged is a helium nucleus.
The test that can be carried out is to place a small ours of Thorium in front of a phosphorescent screen and see if it has flashes, with the amount of them we can determine the amount of particle emitted per unit of time.
Thorium has several isotopes, with different rates and types of emission:
- ²³²Th emits α particles, it is the most abundant 99.9%
- ²³⁴Th emits β particles, exists in small traces.
In this case they indicate that the material used is ²³⁴Th, which emits β particles that are electrons, the detection of these particles is more difficult since it has one negative charge, it has much lower mass, but they can travel further than the particles α, therefore, for what type of isotope we have, we can start measuring at a small distance and increase the distance until the reading is constant. At this point all the particles that arrive are β, which correspond to ²³⁴Th.
Neutron detection is much more difficult since these particles have no charge and therefore do not interact with electrons and no flashing on the screen is varied.
In conclusion with the characteristics of the α and β particles we can find the design of an experiment to measure the ²³⁴Th particles is:
-
On a screen, measure the emission as a function of distance and when the value reaches a constant, there is the β particle emission from ²³⁴Th.
- The neutrons cannot be detected in this experiment because they have no electrical charge.
Learn more about radioactive emission here: brainly.com/question/15176980
