Answer:

Explanation:
From the equation of continuity we know that:

From Bernoulli equation we know that:

Now assuming 

As heat enters the surface of the Earth the gas traps it and is not radiated it's absorbed.
Resistance can be obtained by the following formula:
R = <span>ρ (L/A)
where:
R = resistance
</span>ρ = resistivity of copper (<span>1.68<span>x10^-8</span></span>)
L = Length = 3.1m
A = cross-sectional area = pi * (d/2)^2 = pi * (1.7mm)^2 = 2.269 mm^2
R = (1.68x10^-8) (3.1 / 0.0000022698)
R = 0.0229 <span>Ω</span>
The Calvin cycle<span> refers to the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis that take place in three key steps. Although the </span>Calvin Cycle<span> is not directly dependent on light, it is indirectly dependent on light since the necessary energy carriers (ATP and NADPH) are products of light-dependent reactions.
So basically it indirectly needs the light, even it's called light-independant reaction.
So the answer is the last one.</span>