The rovers were designed to trek up to 100 meters (about 110 yards or 328 feet) across the martian surface each martian day, though they have gone much farther. While a complete martian day (called a sol) is about 24 hours and 40 minutes long (or 24 hours 37.5 minutes if you prefer), the Sun can only provide enough power for driving during a four-hour window around high noon. That means the rovers have to be able to move quickly and effectively.
Moving safely from rock to rock or location to location is a major challenge because of the communication time delay between Earth and Mars, which is about 20 minutes on average. Unlike a remote controlled car, the drivers of rovers on Mars cannot instantly see what is happening to a rover at any given moment and they cannot send quick commands to prevent the rover from running into a rock or falling off of a cliff.
During surface operations on Mars, each rover receives a new set of instructions at the beginning of each sol. Sent from the scientists and engineers on Earth, the command sequence tells the rover what targets to go to and what science experiments to perform on Mars. The rover is expected to move over a given distance, precisely position itself with respect to a target, and deploy its instruments to take close-up pictures and analyze the minerals or elements of rocks and soil.
Answer:
Pumps converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy while turbines convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.
Explanation:
The machines which converts and transfers mechanical energy in the form of torque on the shaft into hydraulic energy in the form of water under pressure are called pumps whereas those machines which converts water pressure or hydraulic energy into mechanical energy that is further converted into electrical energy are called turbines.
The pump impeller rotates in the opposite direction to the turbine runner.
A turbine delivers work as output whereas a pump consumes work.
First law of thermodynamics for a pump :
W = ( H₁-H₂) +Q , where H₁ > H₂
First law of thermodynamics for a turbines :
W = ( H₂-H₁) +Q , where H₁ < H₂
Answer:
a) 0.01
b) 150 cm^3/s
c) 300 cm^3/s
d) 25 cm^3/s
Explanation:
a) We know that :
Q=ΔP/R
R=8ηl/π*r^4
Givens:
r^2 = 0.1 r_1
Plugging known information to get :
Q=ΔP/R
=ΔP*π*r^4/8*η*l
Q_2/r_2^4 =Q_1/r_1^4
Q_2=Q_1/r_1^4*r_2^4
=Q_1/r_1^4*r*0.0001*r_1^4
Q_2 = 0.01
b) From the rate flow of the fluid we know that :
Q=ΔP/R (1)
F=η*Av/l (2)
R=8*ηl/π*r^4 (3)
<em>Where: </em>
ΔP is the change in the pressure .
r is the raduis of the tube .
l is the length of the tube .
η is the coefficient of the vescosity of the fluid .
R is the resistance of the fluid .
Givens: Q1 = 100 cm^3/s , ΔP= 1.5
Plugging known information into EQ.1 :
Q=ΔP/R
Q_2/ΔP2=Q_1/ΔP
Q_2=150 cm^3/s
c) we know that :
F = η*Av/l
can be written as :
ΔP = F/A = η*v/l
Givens: η_2 = 3η_1
Q=ΔP/R
Q=η*v/l*R
Q_2/η_2=Q_1/η_1
Q_2=300 cm^3/s
d) We know that :
Q=ΔP/R
R=8*ηl/π*r^4
Givens: l_2 = 4*l_1
Plugging known information to get :
Q=ΔP/R
Q=ΔP*π*r^4/8*ηl
Q_2/l_2=Q_1/l_1
Q_2 = 25 cm^3/s
