Before the 1936 US presidential election, a popular poll predicted that Alfred Landon would comfortably win against Franklin D.
Roosevelt. The poll randomly sampled people from sources like telephone and car registration records, but the country was in an economic crisis, so many voters without those luxuries were not included in the poll. Voters with lower incomes favored Roosevelt, who ultimately won with 62%, percent of the vote—one of the largest margins of victory ever in a US presidential election. Which type of bias does this scenario best describe? a. Bias from undercoverage
b. Bias from using voluntary response
c. Response bias
d. Nonresponse bias
