Elements 3 to 10 (Li to Ne) show a more or less steady increase in ionization energy.
<h3>What is ionisation energy?</h3>
The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule.
The major difference is the increasing number of protons in the nucleus as you go from lithium to neon. That causes greater attraction between the nucleus and the electrons and so increases the ionization energies. In fact the increasing nuclear charge also drags the outer electrons in closer to the nucleus.
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Answer:
11.8.4 Distillation Columns
Distillation columns present a hazard in that they contain large inventories of flammable boiling liquid, usually under pressure. There are a number of situations which may lead to loss of containment of this liquid.
The conditions of operation of the equipment associated with the distillation column, particularly the reboiler and bottoms pump, are severe, so that failure is more probable.
The reduction of hazard in distillation columns by the limitation of inventory has been discussed above. A distillation column has a large input of heat at the reboiler and a large output at the condenser. If cooling at the condenser is lost, the column may suffer overpressure. It is necessary to protect against this by higher pressure design, relief valves, or HIPS. On the other hand, loss of steam at the reboiler can cause underpressure in the column. On columns operating at or near atmospheric pressure, full vacuum design, vacuum breakers, or inert gas injection is needed for protection. Deposition of flammable materials on packing surfaces has led to many fires on opening of distillation column for maintenance.
Another hazard is overpressure due to heat radiation from fire. Again pressure relief devices are required to provide protection.
The protection of distillation columns is one of the topics treated in detail in codes for pressure relief such as APIRP 521. Likewise, it is one of the principal applications of trip systems.
Another quite different hazard in a distillation column is the ingress of water. The rapid expansion of the water as it flashes to steam can create very damaging overpressures.
# of atoms per mol = Avogadro’s # (6.022 x 10^23)
Number of mols = mass of substance / molar mass
73 g / 40.08 g = 1.8 mols of Ca in 73 grams
1.8 mols x avagadro’s # = 1.1 x 10^24 atoms in 73 grams of Ca
Data Given:
Pressure = P = 0.5 atm
Volume = V = 2.0 L
Temperature = T = 50 °C + 273 = 323 K
Moles = n = ?
Solution:
Let suppose the gas is acting Ideally, Then According to Ideal Gas Equation.
P V = n R T
Solving for n,
n = P V / R T
Putting Values,
n = (0.5 atm × 2.0 L) ÷ (0.0821 atm.L.mol⁻¹.K⁻¹ × 323 K)
n = 0.0377 mol
Answer:
5.81L
Explanation:
N1 = 1.70 moles
V1 = 3.80L
V2 = ?
N2 = 2.60 moles
Mole - volume relationship,
N1 / V1 = N2 / V2
V2 = (N2 × V1) / N1
V2 = (2.60 × 3.80) / 1.70
V2 = 9.88 / 1.70
V2 = 5.81 L
The volume of the gas is 5.81L
