A 1.10-kg object slides to the right on a surface having a coefficient of kinetic friction 0.250 (Figure a). The object has a sp

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3 years ago

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A 1.10-kg object slides to the right on a surface having a coefficient of kinetic friction 0.250 (Figure a). The object has a sp

eed of vi = 2.60 m/s when it makes contact with a light spring (Figure b) that has a force constant of 50.0 N/m. The object comes to rest after the spring has been compressed a distance d (Figure c). The object is then forced toward the left by the spring (Figure d) and continues to move in that direction beyond the spring's unstretched position. Finally, the object comes to rest a distance D to the left of the unstretched spring (Figure e).
The right end of a horizontal spring labeled k is attached to a wall. Five images show five configurations as a block labeled m approaches, compresses, and then moves away from the spring.
In figure a, the block is to the left of the spring, and an arrow above the block points to the right.
In figure b, the block is just touching the uncompressed spring, and an arrow labeled vector vi above the block points to the right.
In figure c, the block has compressed the spring by a distance d, and a label indicates vector vf = 0.
In figure d, the block is just touching the uncompressed spring, and an arrow labeled vector v above the block points to the left.
In figure e, the block is a distance D away from the spring, and a label indicates vector v = 0.
(a)
Find the distance of compression d (in m).
m
(b)
Find the speed v (in m/s) at the unstretched position when the object is moving to the left (Figure d).
m/s
(c)
Find the distance D (in m) where the object comes to rest.
m
(d)
What If? If the object becomes attached securely to the end of the spring when it makes contact, what is the new value of the distance D (in m) at which the object will come to rest after moving to the left?
m

Physics

1 answer:

cluponka [151] · Answer 1 · 2022-05-21T22:05:02+03:00

Answer:

(a) Approximately $0.335\; \rm m$ .

(b) Approximately $1.86\; \rm m\cdot s^{-1}$ .

(c) Approximately $0.707\; \rm m$ .

(d) Approximately $0.228\; \rm m$ .

Explanation:

$v_i$ denotes the velocity of the object in the first diagram right before it came into contact with the spring.
Let $m$ denote the mass of the block.
Let $\mu$ denote the constant of kinetic friction between the object and the surface.
Let $g$ denote the constant of gravitational acceleration.
Let $k$ denote the spring constant of this spring.

Consider the conversion of energy in this object-spring system.

First diagram: Right before the object came into contact with the spring, the object carries kinetic energy $\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\, m \cdot {v_{i}}^2$ .

Second diagram: As the object moves towards the position in the third diagram, the spring gains elastic potential energy. At the same time, the object loses energy due to friction.

Third diagram: After the velocity of the object becomes zero, it has moved a distance of $D$ and compressed the spring by the same distance.

Energy lost to friction: $\underbrace{(\mu \cdot m \cdot g)}_{\text{friction}} \cdot D$ .
Elastic potential energy that the spring has gained: $\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\,k\, D^2$ .

The sum of these two energies should match the initial kinetic energy of the object (before it comes into contact with the spring.) That is:

$\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\, m \cdot {v_{i}}^{2} = (\mu\cdot m \cdot g) \cdot D + \frac{1}{2}\, k \cdot D^2$ .

Assume that $g = 9.81\; \rm m \cdot s^{-2}$ . In the equation above, all symbols other than $D$ have known values:

$m =1.10\; \rm kg$ .
$v_i = 2.60\; \rm m \cdot s^{-1}$ .
$\mu = 0.250$ .
$g = 9.81\; \rm m \cdot s^{-2}$ .
$k = 50.0\; \rm N \cdot m^{-1}$ .

Substitute in the known values to obtain an equation for $D$ (where the unit of $D\!$ is $m$ .)

$3.178 = 2.69775\, D + 25\, D^2$ .

$2.69775\, D + 25\, D^2 + 3.178 = 0$ .

Simplify and solve for $D$ . Note that $D > 0$ because the energy lost to friction should be greater than zero.

$D \approx 0.335\; \rm m$ .

The energy of the object-spring system in the third diagram is the same as the elastic potential energy of the spring:

$\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\,k\, D^2 \approx 2.81\; \rm J$ .

As the object moves to the left, part of that energy will be lost to friction:

$(\mu \cdot m \cdot g) \, D \approx 0.905\; \rm J$ .

The rest will become the kinetic energy of that block by the time the block reaches the position in the fourth diagram:

$2.81\; \rm J - 0.905\; \rm J \approx 1.91\; \rm J$ .

Calculate the velocity corresponding to that kinetic energy:

$\displaystyle v =\sqrt{\frac{2\, (\text{Kinetic Energy})}{m}} \approx 1.86\; \rm m \cdot s^{-1}$ .

As the object moves from the position in the fourth diagram to the position in the fifth, all its kinetic energy ( $1.91\; \rm J$ ) would be lost to friction.

How far would the object need to move on the surface to lose that much energy to friction? Again, the size of the friction force is $\mu \cdot m \cdot g$ .