Answer:
This question is comprising many parts (a to r). That is impossible to answer in one sheet. Following are attached images having answers to most of the parts.
I hope it will help you a lot.
Explanation:
Answer:
There are three common methods of charging a battery; constant voltage, constant current and a combination of constant voltage/constant current with or without a smart charging circuit.
Constant voltage allows the full current of the charger to flow into the battery until the power supply reaches its pre-set voltage. The current will then taper down to a minimum value once that voltage level is reached. The battery can be left connected to the charger until ready for use and will remain at that “float voltage”, trickle charging to compensate for normal battery self-discharge.
Constant current is a simple form of charging batteries, with the current level set at approximately 10% of the maximum battery rating. Charge times are relatively long with the disadvantage that the battery may overheat if it is over-charged, leading to premature battery replacement. This method is suitable for Ni-MH type of batteries. The battery must be disconnected, or a timer function used once charged.
Constant voltage / constant current (CVCC) is a combination of the above two methods. The charger limits the amount of current to a pre-set level until the battery reaches a pre-set voltage level. The current then reduces as the battery becomes fully charged. The lead acid battery uses the constant current constant voltage (CC/CV) charge method. A regulated current raises the terminal voltage until the upper charge voltage limit is reached, at which point the current drops due to saturation.
Answer:
Yes, fracture will occur
Explanation:
Half length of internal crack will be 4mm/2=2mm=0.002m
To find the dimensionless parameter, we use critical stress crack propagation equation
and making Y the subject

Where Y is the dimensionless parameter, a is half length of crack, K is plane strain fracture toughness,
is critical stress required for initiating crack propagation. Substituting the figures given in question we obtain

When the maximum internal crack length is 6mm, half the length of internal crack is 6mm/2=3mm=0.003m
and making K the subject
and substituting 260 MPa for
while a is taken as 0.003m and Y is already known

Therefore, fracture toughness at critical stress when maximum internal crack is 6mm is 42.455 Mpa and since it’s greater than 40 Mpa, fracture occurs to the material
Answer:
Maximum number that can be represented by 13 bits is 8192 Instructions
Explanation:
number of instructions = 1000
number of bits = log(1000) x number of register
= 6 bits
Since the complete instruction must have 32 bits, then
remaining number of bits = 32 - 6 = 236
number of registers in instruction = 2
number of bits per register = 26/2 = 13
Maximum number that can be represented by 13 bits = 
= 2¹³ = 8192