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chubhunter [2.5K]
3 years ago
13

Thermodynamics deals with the macroscopic properties of materials. Scientists can make quantitative predictions about these macr

oscopic properties by thinking on a microscopic scale. Kinetic theory and statistical mechanics provide a way to relate molecular models to thermodynamics. Predicting the heat capacities of gases at a constant volume from the number of degrees of freedom of a gas molecule is one example of the predictive power of molecular models. The molar specific heat Cv of a gas at a constant volume is the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature T of one mole of gas by one degree while the volume remains the same. Mathematically, Cv=1nΔEthΔT, where n is the number of moles of gas, ΔEth is the change in internal (or thermal) energy, and ΔT is the change in temperature. Kinetic theory tells us that the temperature of a gas is directly proportional to the total kinetic energy of the molecules in the gas. The equipartition theorem says that each degree of freedom of a molecule has an average energy equal to 12kBT, where kB is Boltzmann's constant 1.38×10^−23J/K. When summed over the entire gas, this gives 12nRT, where R=8.314Jmol⋅K is the ideal gas constant, for each molecular degree of freedom.
Required:
a. Using the equipartition theorem, determine the molar specific heat, Cv , of a gas in which each molecule has s degrees of freedom. Express your answer in terms of R and s.
b. Given the molar specific heat Cv of a gas at constant volume, you can determine the number of degrees of freedom s that are energetically accessible. For example, at room temperature cis-2-butene, C4H8 , has molar specific heat Cv=70.6Jmol⋅K . How many degrees of freedom of cis-2-butene are energetically accessible?
Engineering
1 answer:
Arlecino [84]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

Explanation:

From the information given:

a.

Using the equipartition theorem, the average energy of a molecule dor each degree of freedom is:

U = \dfrac{1}{2}k_BT

U = \dfrac{1}{2}nRT

For s degree of freedom

U = \dfrac{1}{2}snRT

However, the molar specific heat C_v = \dfrac{1}{n} \dfrac{dU}{dT}

Therefore, in terms of R and s;

C_v = \dfrac{1}{n} \dfrac{d}{dT} \begin{pmatrix} \dfrac{1}{2} snRT   \end {pmatrix}

C_v = \dfrac{Rs}{2}

b.

Given that:

Cv=70.6Jmol⋅K and R=8.314Jmol⋅K

Then; using the formula  C_v = \dfrac{Rs}{2}

70.6 \ J/mol.K = \dfrac{(8.314 \ J/mol.K)\times s}{2}

70.6 \ J/mol.K \times 2= (8.314 \ J/mol.K)\times s

s= \dfrac{70.6 \ J/mol.K \times 2}{ (8.314 \ J/mol.K) }

s = 16.983

s \simeq 17

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<u>Explanation:</u>

def readFile(filename):

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       for index in range(0, len(lines) - 1, 2):

           if lines[index].strip()=='':continue

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   with open(filename,'w+') as outfile:

       for key in sorted(dict.keys()):

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def output_titles(dict, filename):

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   filename = input('Enter input file name: ')

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Explanation:

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