1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
sveticcg [70]
3 years ago
10

A) Calculate the osmotic pressure difference between seawater and fresh water. For simplicity, assume thatall the dissolved salt

s in seawater are NaCl.
b) Reverse osmosis occurs when you apply a pressure difference greater than the osmotic pressure to asolution separated from a pure solvent by a membrane permeable only to the solvent. In this process, thesolvent flows out of the solution and this can be used to desalinate sea water. Use your result from Part (a)to find the minimum work required to desalinate one liter of water.

c) It is also possible to desalinate water by evaporation. The water vapor is recondensed and the salt is leftbehind. Compare your result from part (b) with the amount of heat that would be required to evaporate aliter of water. Assume that the water starts at a temperature of 300K and the latent heat of vaporization at apressure of one atmosphere is 40.7kJ/mol. Compare your result with that of Part (b)
Chemistry
1 answer:
never [62]3 years ago
6 0

Answer:

a)  Δπ = 1.264 atm

b) W = 128 joules

c)  ΔH >> W  ( a factor greater than 17,000 )

Explanation:

a) The osmotic pressure, π , is determined by :

π = nRT/V, where n= moles of solute

                          R= 0.0821 Latm/kmol

                          T = 300 K

calling π(sw) osmotic pressure for  for sea water and π (fw) for fresh water,

salinity of sea water = 3.5 g / 1L water   (assuming only NaCl for the salts)

salinity of fresh water = 0.5 parts per thousand (range: 0- 0.5 ppt)

πsw = (3.5 g/58.44 g/mol) (0.0821 Latm/Kmol) (300 K ) /1 L = 1.475 atm

πfw = (0.5 g/58.44 g/mol) (0.0821 Latm/Kmol) (300 K ) /1 L = 0.211 atm

d water = 1 g/cm³

Δ π = (1.475 - 0.211) = 1.264 atm

b) W = Δπ V = 1.426 atm x 1L = 1.43 L-atm

1 L-atm = 101.33 j

W =  101.33 j/ Latm x  1.43 Latm = 128 joules

c) ΔH = Q₁ + nΔH vap, where

            Q₁  = heat required to bring the solution from 300 K to boiling, 373 K

            ΔH vap = heat of vaporization

Q = mCΔT = 1000 g x 4.186 j x 73 K = 305.6 j = 0.3056 kj

ΔH vap = (1000 g/ 18 g/mol ) 40.7 kj/mol = 2,261 kj

ΔH =  0.3056 kj + 2,261 kj = 2,261.3 kj

Note = Q << ΔH vap and we could have neglected it.

This result shows why nobody talks about evaporation of sea water to produce fresh water ΔH >> W

You might be interested in
Use this diagram to answer the following
mylen [45]

Answer:An atom

Explanation:

Because  molecules more spread out and have things that connnect them and are not bunched up togoether

And Atoms are all packed up like in the picture

Hope this helps!:D

4 0
2 years ago
What is the ph of a solution labeled .30 trimethylamine k for trimethylamine is 7.42 x 10^4
valentina_108 [34]

Answer:the pH is 12

Explanation:

First We need to understand the structure of trimethylamine

Due to the grades of the bond in the nitrogen with a hybridization sp3 is 108° approximately, then is generated a dipole magnetic at the upper side of the nitrogen, this dipole magnetic going to attract a hydrogen molecule of the water making the water more alkaline

C3H9N+ H2O --> C3H9NH + OH-

k=\frac{[C3H9NH]*[OH-]}{[C3H9N]}

Then:

The concentration of the trimethylamine is 0.3 and the concentration of the ion C3H9NH is equal to the OH- relying on the stoichiometric equation. We could find the concentration of the OH- ion with the square root of the multiplication between k and the concentration of trimethylamine

[OH-]=\sqrt{ 0.3*7.42x10^{-4}}

[OH-]=0.01

pH=14-(-log[OH-])

pH=12

5 0
2 years ago
What, if any, experimental evidence do you have that the equilibrium is affected by the addition of NaOH? How is this in accorda
vitfil [10]
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is also known as lye which is a base (very high ph; Alkaline)

Now, in chemistry, equilibrium is what affects the reaction rate of a reaction.  If they are in equilibrium, the concentrations of them will not change (both reactants and products).

Now, lets say that to synthesize a certain chemical, we need it to be in an acidic environment with HCL or some other acid as the catalyst for the reaction.

Well, if we were to add Sodium Hydroxide to this which is very alkaline, the ph would change greatly which affects the reaction rate.  If we do not have enough energy to overcome the activation barrier, the reaction will not occur (atleast for a very long time).

However, a common mistake is thinking that a catalyst will affect the equilibrium.  This is not true.  The reaction will still take place but it will have a very slow reaction rate.

TLDR; Adding a catalyst (like NaOH or Sodium Hydroxide) will not change the equilibrium but instead change the reaction rate.  The reaction can still occur, although it can take a very, very long time (like diamonds turning into graphite)


7 0
3 years ago
When 120 g of carbon reacts completely with 320 g of oxygen the mass of carbon dioxide formed will be?
olga2289 [7]
440 cause mass cant be created or destroyed
6 0
3 years ago
Part 1. After learning about the different parts and functions of a meroscope you will now reflect on the importance of ench par
kolbaska11 [484]

Explanation:

after learning more about the position and would

3 0
2 years ago
Other questions:
  • A flask holds 3.01 x 1023 molecules of carbon dioxide. The container is holding ________
    6·1 answer
  • The formula C2H4 can be classified as
    8·2 answers
  • Special characteristics of metals, like being shiny, are called A Descriptions B Phrases C Qualities D Properties
    8·2 answers
  • Describe how to do a flame test on a sample of a salt
    6·1 answer
  • "Working on rigs is dangerous due to explosions and weather"
    6·2 answers
  • Describe the trends in electron configuration in the periodic table by selecting the terms from the drop-down menus.
    5·2 answers
  • How many oxygen atoms are there in 1665 grams of iron(II) phosphate? Please explain how you found your answer.
    10·1 answer
  • Chemical calculation. don't have to rush, take your time.
    12·1 answer
  • Why would it be better to be an r-selected species if the water resources in an area were to become more limited over a short
    7·1 answer
  • Pour a few drops of coconut oil in water. Write down the observations. Is oil soluble in water? Give reason.​
    11·2 answers
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!