Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a cellular correlate of learning and memory. The presence of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels near excitatory synapses on dendritic spines suggests their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity. However, whether activity-dependent regulation of channels affects excitatory synaptic plasticity is unknown. In a companion article we have reported activity-dependent regulation of GIRK channel density in cultured hippocampal neurons that requires activity oF receptors (NMDAR) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and takes place within 15 min. In this study, we performed whole-cell recordings of cultured hippocampal neurons and found that NMDAR activation increases basal GIRK current and GIRK channel activation mediated by adenosine A(1) receptors, but not GABA(B) receptors. Given the similar involvement of NMDARs, adenosine receptors, and PP1 in depotentiation of LTP caused by low-frequency stimulation that immediately follows LTP-inducing high-frequency stimulation, we wondered whether NMDAR-induced increase in GIRK channel surface density and current may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying this specific depotentiation. Remarkably, GIRK2 null mutation or GIRK channel blockade abolishes depotentiation of LTP, demonstrating that GIRK channels are critical for depotentiation, one form of excitatory synaptic plasticity.
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Mitosis and cytokinesis. In eukaryotes the processes of DNA replication and cell division occur<span> at different times of the </span>cell division<span> cycle. During </span>cell division<span>, DNA condenses to form short, tightly coiled, rodlike chromosomes. Each chromosome then splits longitudinally, forming two identical chromatids.
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Answer: Well, populations never evolved than one human might have gone extinct due to many different viruses and sicknesses but other animals might not be extinct. If populations never grew more then that would be because we could not overpower dome viruses. If we never. If we never evolved animals like a Carrier pigeon would not be dead or extinct today.
For children with most physical disabilities and
other health impairments, a common cause of academic difficulties is erratic or
irregular school attendance.
Class attendance or school attendance is very important
for your academic carrier because if you are not able to attend the class, you
did not learn anything, you did not finish your homework etc. and when the
exams came you did nothing. So, the children with physical disabilities or
other health issues mostly misses the class due to health issues, and this
irregular attendance causes difficulties in academic carrier.
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Answer:
The consequences will depend on the type of mutation. For example, if the mutation is synonymous it will not have negative effects on the cell function. On the other hand, if the mutation produces amino acid diversity it may cause loss of function
Explanation:
Primase is an RNA polymerase that adds RNA nucleotides to the complementary DNA strand in order to prepare it for the RNA polymerase III during transcription initiation
