In light reactions there is successful photosynthesis due to the fact one of the primary reactants for photosynthesis in the first place. At the end of the light reaction, there will be the normal photosynthesis products formed which are glucose and oxygen. For the dark reaction no products will be formed
In an atom, the number of neutrons determines most specifically the isotopes of an element.
<h2>Further Explanation</h2><h3>An atom </h3>
- An atom is defined as the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction.
- Atoms are made of energy shells and the inner nucleus.
- It is also made up of subatomic particles, protons and neutrons.
<h3>Neutrons </h3>
- They are sub-atomic particles in an atom that are found in the nucleus of an atom. They have a zero charge or no charge.
- Neutrons are slightly heavier than protons.
- The number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus of an atom results to the atomic mass number of an atom. Like protons they only take part in nuclear reactions.
<h3>Protons</h3>
- Protons are subatomic particles that are found in the nucleus of an atom. They are positively charged. with a charge of +1.
- The number of protons differ from one element to another and thus used as the atomic number of an individual element.
- The nucleus of an atom is positively charged due to the positive charge of the protons.
- Additionally, protons do not take part in chemical reactions but in nuclear reactions.
<h3>Electrons </h3>
- They are found orbiting the nucleus on energy shells based on Clouds’ theory. Electrons are negatively charged each with a charge of -1.
- The number of electrons and protons in a neutral atom are equal. Additionally they have the least mass of the three sub-atomic particles.
- Electrons are the only sub-atomic particles that take part in chemical reactions.
<h3>Isotopes </h3>
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same mass number but different atomic number.
<h3>Mass number;</h3>
- Mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of an element.
Keywords: Atom, sub-atomic particles, electrons, protons, neutrons, isotopes
<h3>Learn more about:</h3>
Level: High school
Subject: Chemistry
Topic: Atomic structure
Answer: penetration is the ability of an electron in a given orbital to approach the nucleus closely. Shielding refers to the fact that core electrons reduce the degree of nuclear attraction felt by the orbital electrons. Shielding is the opposite of penetration. The most penetrating orbital is the least screening orbital. The order of increasing shielding effect/decreasing penetration is s<p<d<f.
Explanation:
The order of penetrating power is 1s>2s>2p>3s>3p>4s>3d>4p>5s>4d>5p>6s>4f....
Since the 3p orbital is more penetrating than the 3d orbital, it will lie nearer to the nucleus and thus possess lower energy.
What best explains the type of energy present in the vibrating atoms of a substance?
The answer is: <u>It is thermal energy, which is a type of kinetic energy. </u>
Answer:
H2 < CH3Cl < HF
Explanation:
The intermolecular forces are the forces that bond the molecules together in a substance. There are three types of these forces:
- Dipole induced -dipole induced, or London dispersion -> Is the weakest and is presented in nonpolar molecules, in which a dipole is induced and so the molecules are joined together;
- Dipole-dipole -> Is stronger than the London dispersion and occurs in a polar molecule. In this case, the dipole already exists (partial positive and negative charges), so the poles are attracted;
- Hydrogen bond -> It's the strongest and is formed when the hydrogen is bonded with a higher electronegativity element (F, O, and N).
So, the molecule of H2 is linear and formed by the same element, so, is nonpolar, and has London dispersion forces. The molecule of CH3Cl has 3 nonpolar bonds (C-H), and one polar bond (C-Cl), so it's polar and has dipole-dipole forces. And the HF molecule has hydrogen bonds.
*A polar bond is a bond formed by elements with different electronegativities.
