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gizmo_the_mogwai [7]
3 years ago
13

The lab just ran out of 1 M HCl that you need to complete the Benzillic Acid lab. The TA tells you there is 12 M HCl in the fume

hood. You need to make 10.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl. What volume or 12 M HCl will you need to dilute to get the correct volume and concentration of 1.0 M HCl?
Chemistry
1 answer:
Viktor [21]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

0.83 mL

Explanation:

Given data

  • Initial concentration (C₁): 12 M
  • Initial volume (V₁): ?
  • Final concentration (C₂): 1.0 M
  • Final volume (V₂): 10.0 mL

We can calculate the initial volume of HCl using the dilution rule.

C₁ × V₁ = C₂ × V₂

V₁ = C₂ × V₂ / C₁

V₁ = 1.0 M × 10.0 mL / 12 M

V₁ = 0.83 mL

The required volume of the initial solution is 0.83 mL.

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Name an element that has the same number of electron energy levels as Calcium (Ca)?
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Rank the following elements by effective nuclear charge, Zeff, for a valence electron. F LI Be B N
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Answer:

Rank in increasing order of effective nuclear charge:

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Explanation:

This explains the meaning of effective nuclear charge, Zeff, how to determine it, and the calculations for a valence electron of each of the five given elements: F, Li, Be, B, and N.

<u>1) Effective nuclear charge definitions</u>

  • While the total positive charge of the atom nucleus (Z) is equal to the number of protons, the electrons farther away from the nucleus experience an effective nuclear charge (Zeff) less than the total nuclear charge, due to the fact that electrons in between the nucleus and the outer electrons partially cancel the atraction from the nucleus.

  • Such effect on on a valence electron is estimated as the atomic number less the number of electrons closer to the nucleus than the electron whose effective nuclear charge is being determined: Zeff = Z - S.

<u><em>2) Z eff for a F valence electron:</em></u>

  • F's atomic number: Z = 9
  • Total number of electrons: 9 (same numer of protons)
  • Period: 17 (search in the periodic table or do the electron configuration)
  • Number of valence electrons:  7 (equal to the last digit of the period's number)
  • Number of electrons closer to the nucleus than a valence electron: S = 9 - 7 = 2
  • Zeff = Z - S = 9 - 2 = 7

<u><em>3) Z eff for a Li valence eletron:</em></u>

  • Li's atomic number: Z = 3
  • Total number of electrons: 3 (same number of protons)
  • Period: 1 (search on the periodic table or do the electron configuration)
  • Number of valence electrons: 1 (equal to the last digit of the period's number)
  • Number of electrons closer to the nucleus than a valence electron: S = 3 - 1 = 2
  • Z eff = Z - S = 3 - 2 = 1.

<em>4) Z eff for a Be valence eletron:</em>

  • Be's atomic number: Z = 4
  • Total number of electrons: 4 (same number of protons)
  • Period: 2 (search on the periodic table or do the electron configuration)
  • Number of valence electrons: 2 (equal to the last digit of the period's number)
  • Number of electrons closer to the nucleus than a valence electron: S = 4 - 2 = 2
  • Z eff = Z - S = 4 - 2 = 2

<u><em>5) Z eff for a B valence eletron:</em></u>

  • B's atomic number: Z = 5
  • Total number of electrons: 5 (same number of protons)
  • Period: 13 (search on the periodic table or do the electron configuration)
  • Number of valence electrons: 3 (equal to the last digit of the period's number)
  • Number of electrons closer to the nucleus than a valence electron: S = 5 - 3 = 2
  • Z eff = Z - S = 5 - 2 = 3

<u><em>6) Z eff for a N valence eletron:</em></u>

  • N's atomic number: Z = 7
  • Total number of electrons: 7 (same number of protons)
  • Period: 15 (search on the periodic table or do the electron configuration)
  • Number of valence electrons: 5 (equal to the last digit of the period's number)
  • Number of electrons closer to the nucleus than a valence electron: S = 7 - 5 = 2
  • Z eff = Z - S = 7 - 2 = 5

<u><em>7) Summary (order):</em></u>

  Atom          Zeff for a valence electron

  • F                   7
  • Li                   1
  • Be                 2
  • B                   3
  • N                   5

  • <u>Conclusion</u>: the order is Li < Be < B < N < F
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Properties of a compound differ from those of their elements.

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