Answer: B. gas, liquid, Solid
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There are 3 possible ways of determining pH.
1. A pH meter, 2. Litmus paper/ pH test strips or 3. Titrations.
1. A pH meter works by sending a small electric current through the solution. An electrical current can only be created if there are free-moving particles such as H+ ions from an acid or OH- ions from a base. The pH meter can determine the pH by how high the conductivity is.
2. Litmus Paper or pH test strips are strips that turn a specific colour under a specific pH. This colour can then be compared to a colour chart which will tell you the pH. The downfall of this method is that the red ink will stain the strip and you will be unable to get an accurate reading.
3. A titration is the best method, if done properly, for determining pH.
The molecular formula is D. C_8H_20O_4Si.
<em>Step 1</em>.Calculate the <em>empirical formula
</em>
a) Calculate the moles of each element
Moles of C= 196.01 g C × (1 mol C/12.01 g C) = 16.325 mol C
Moles of H = 41.14 g H × (1 mol H/1.008 g H) = 40.813 mol H
Moles of O = 130.56 g O × (1 mol O/16.00 g O) = 8.1650 mol O
Moles of Si = 57.29 g Si × (1 mol Si/28.085 g Si) = 2.0399 mol Si
b) Calculate the molar ratio of each element
Divide each number by the smallest number of moles and round off to an integer
C:H:O:Si = 8.0027:20.008:4.0027:1 ≈ 8:20:4:1
c) Write the empirical formula
EF = C_8H_20O_4Si
<em>Step </em>2. Calculate the <em>molecular formula</em>
EF Mass = 208.33 u
MF mass = 208.329 u
MF = (EF)_n
n = MF Mass/EF Mass = 208.329 u/208.33 u = 1.0000 ≈ 1
MF = C_8H_20O_4Si
Answer: The best way to promote the process are:
--> Add a bit of solid as a seed crystal.
--> Scratch the bottom of the flask gently with a stirring rod.
Explanation:
A crystal growth is seen is SUPERSATURATED solutions which contains more solute than it can normally dissolve at that given temperature. It is usually very UNSTABLE and capable of releasing the excess solute if disturbed, either by shaking or seeding with a tiny crystals.
Crystallization can be used for the separation of two salts with different solubilities as well as for purification of a soluble salt that contains insoluble solid impurities. Recrystallization improves the validity of the process. Crystallization can be initiated by:
--> Scratching the bottom of the flask gently with a stirring rod: scratching initiates crystallization by providing energy from the high-frequency vibrations.
--> Adding a bit of solid as a seed crystal: Seed crystals create a nucleation site where crystals can begin growth.
Basically all of the elements found in Group I of the periodic table also have this property. The ability to easily give up a single valence electron.
