As the surface given is a smooth surface, we can use specular reflection. According to the law of specular reflection, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, so it will also be 40°. Answer is A.
Answer: Increase in competition for abiotic factors.
Explanation: Resource availability is one of the main factors determining the ecological dynamics of populations or species. Fluctuations in resource availability can increase or decrease the intensity of resource competition. Resource availability and competition can also cause evolutionary changes in life-history traits
The ionosphere is the part of the sun-layers which allows us to see the northern lights or auroras. The ionosphere is the most concentrated with ions and charged electrons and reflects radio waves.
You said that the useful output power from the model is 6 watts. You also said that the model is 80% efficient. We have no reason to doubt your word, so we know that
(useful output) / (input power) = 80% or 0.8
(6 watts) / (input power) = 0.8
Multiply each side by (input power): 6 watts = (0.8) (input power)
Divide each side by 0.8 : Input power = (6 watts/ 0.8)
<em>Input power = 7.5 watts</em>
