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FinnZ [79.3K]
3 years ago
6

Cite five factors that lead to scatter in measured material properties. Upon what three criteria are factors of safety based? A

large tower is to be supported by a series of steel wires. It is estimated the load on each wire will be 15,000 N. Determine the minimum required wire diameter, assuming a factor of safety = 2.0 and a yield strength of 800 MPa (125,000 psi) for the steel. Reflect by commenting on the meaning of your answer.
Engineering
1 answer:
expeople1 [14]3 years ago
4 0

Three questions there, let me try to organize them.

a) Cite five factors that lead to scatter in measured material properties.

  • Material inhomogeneities and/or compositional differences.
  • Variation in specimen fabrication procedure
  • Test method
  • Apparatus calibration
  • Operator bias

b) Upon what three criteria are factors of safety based?

  • Accuracy of measurement of mechanical forces and/or material properties
  • consequences of failure
  • Previous experience

A large tower is to be supported by a series of steel wires.  It is estimated the load on each wire will be 15,000 N.  Determine the minimum equired wire diameter, assuming a factor of safety = 2.0 and a yield strength of 800 MPa (125,000 psi) for the steel. Reflect by commenting on the meaning of your answer.

\sigma_w = \frac{\sigma_y}{N}

Where,

\sigma_w=Working stress

\sigma_y=Allowable working unit stress

N= Factor of safety

Given the information we have,

\sigma_w=\frac{800}{2}=400Mpa

Diameter and force are related by,

A_0=\frac{F}{\sigma_w} = \pi (\frac{d_0}{2})^2

d_0 = \sqrt{\frac{4F}{\pi \sigma_w}} = \sqrt{\frac{4*15kN}{\pi(400*10^6)}}

d_0=4.77mm = 0.185in

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3 years ago
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What is the resolution limit for a projection type of photolithographic system if the incident wavelength is 365 nm (the i-line
Vadim26 [7]

Answer:

Depth of field  = 347.619 nm

Explanation:

wavelenght =  365nm

N.A =0.63

k1= 0.6

so we have that the resolution limit is:

R=k1*A

R=0.6*365

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3 years ago
A hair dryer is basically a duct of constant diameter in which a few layers of electric resistors are placed. A small fan pulls
Iteru [2.4K]

Answer:

% increase = 26.32%

Explanation:

From conservation of mass, we can say that;

Mass flow rate at inlet = mass flow rate at exit.

Thus;

m'1 = m'2

Formula for mass flow rate is;

m' = ρV'

Where V' is volumetric flow rate = Av

Thus;

m' = ρAv

Where;

ρ is density

A is area

v is velocity

Therefore from m'1 = m'2, we can say that;

ρ1•A1•v1 = ρ2•A2•v2

Since the duct has a constant diameter, then A1 = A2

Thus, we now have;

ρ1•v1 = ρ2•v2

Making v2 the subject, we have;

v2 = ρ1•v1/ρ2

Now, since we want to find the percent increase in the velocity of the air as it flows through the dryer,we would use;

% increase = ((v2 - v1)/v1) × 100%

We have v2 = ρ1•v1/ρ2

Thus;

% increase = ((ρ1•v1/ρ2) - v1)/v1) × 100%

Factorizing v1 out, we have;

% increase = ((ρ1/ρ2) - 1)/1) × 100%

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ρ1 = 1.2 kg/m³

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Thus;

% increase = ((1.2/0.95) - 1)/1) × 100%

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8 0
3 years ago
what are three things that we would need and unlimiated amount of for all of us to obtain everything that we want?
Elanso [62]
Unlimited wants is an economic term that refers to humans’ insatiable appetite for things. We never get enough because there is always something else that we need or want. The term ‘unlimited wants’ is the side of human nature that wants an infinite number of things. However, the resources we have available to get these wants are limited.

There are two halves of scarcity that have plagued us ever since we first set foot on this Earth:

Limited resources.
Unlimited wants.
The Economics of Seinfeld says the following regarding the term:

“Unlimited wants essentially mean that people never get enough, that there is always something else that they would like to have.”

“When combined with limited resources, unlimited wants result in the fundamental problem of scarcity.”

Unlimited wants – limited resources

What we want and need has no limit, i.e., it is infinite. However, what we can afford is finite, i.e., it has a limit. This is a basic condition of human existence.

We are never completely satisfied with everything we consume. We consume a variety of goods and services, but they are never enough.

In other words, there is always something else that I, you, or anybody else would want or need.

The term applies to all socioeconomic groups. Low-income groups have limited resources, and their wants always exceed those resources. However, the same happens with middle-income and upper-income groups. They never feel they have enough.

The reason is a very simple one. Every income group’s resources are finite. However, unlimited want is a feature of every human.

Put simply; our wants and needs are infinite, but our wealth is not.

The economic problem – unlimited wants

‘The economic problem‘ is a term that economists use. It states that the finite resources of an economy are not enough to satisfy all our wants and needs. We also call it ‘the central economic problem‘ or ‘the basic economic problem.’

The main question we ask when considering ‘the economic problem’ is: “How do we satisfy unlimited wants with limited resources?”

As we cannot produce everything, we have to prioritize. We must decide what to produce, how to produce it, and how much to produce. We must also determine for whom to produce.

Human wants are constant and infinite, but the resources to satisfy them are finite. The resources cannot exceed the amount of human and natural resources available.

We produce things that we know people want, as long as we have the resources to make them. How strong or weak demand is determines how much we charge for those things. It also determines how much we produce (supply).

In other words, markets fores, i.e., the forces of supply and demand, in a free market economy, determine prices.

Wants vs. needs

Needs are things without which we cannot survive. Wants are things we desire. However, we can survive without those wants.

Food, water, and housing, for example, are needs. Clothing is also a need. Without food or water, we would die. We would probably die too without housing. In cold countries, we would not survive without clothing.

A nice car, smartphone, and vacation by the beach are wants. If I don’t have a nice car, I will still live. If I don’t go to Cancun for my winter break, I won’t die. However, I want these things.

Fundamental needs are key in the function of the economy. Wants, however, are the driving forces that stimulate demand for things, i.e., demand for goods and services.

We can say either ‘unlimited wants’ or ‘unlimited wants and needs.’

3 0
3 years ago
If the dry-bulb temperature is 95°F and the wet-bulb temperature is also 78°F, what is the relative humid- ity? What is the dew
Sidana [21]

Answer:

Relative humidity 48%.

Dew point 74°F

humidity ratio 118 g of moisture/pound of dry air

enthalpy 41,8 BTU per pound of dry air

Explanation:

You can get this information from a Psychrometric chart for water, like the one attached.

You enter the chart with dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures (red point in the attachment) and following the relative humidity curves you get approximately 48%.

To get the dew point you need to follow the horizontal lines to the left scale (marked with blue): 74°F

for the humidity ratio you need to follow the horizontal lines but to the rigth scale (marked with green): 118 g of moisture/pound of dry air

For enthalpy follow the diagonal lines to the far left scale (marked with yellow): 41,8 BTU per pound of dry air

5 0
3 years ago
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