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3 years ago

In a nonpolar covalent bond,

Chemistry

2 answers:

sertanlavr [38]3 years ago

7 0

Answer:

#11: In a nonpolar covalent bond, electrons are shared equally between two atoms.

#12: Only the diatomic nitrogen molecule $\rm N_2$ contains a triple covalent bond among the four molecules.

Explanation:

Consider: what is a covalent bond?

Two atoms share a pair of electrons (called a bonding pair as opposed to a lone pair) between them.

Nonpolar covalent bonds exist only between atoms with similar electronegativity values. The two bonding atoms attract the bonding pair with similar strength, such that the bonding pair is shared mostly equally between the two atoms.

In case the two atoms differ in their electronegativity, the bonding pair will be closer to the more electronegative atom. That will make a polar covalent bond.

Atoms share electrons with each other to achieve an octet of eight valence electrons (two for hydrogen.) Atoms form a covalent bond for every two valence electrons that they need.

Consider: how many electrons do atoms in each molecule need to gain before achieving an octet?

Fluorine is in group 17 of the new IUPAC periodic table. Each fluorine atom needs 18 - 17 = 1 valence electron to achieve an octet. There are two fluorine atoms in an $\rm F_2$ molecule. These two atoms will need two electrons in total to achieve an octet. They will thus need to form $2/2 = 1$ covalent bond.

Similarly:

Nitrogen is in group 15.
Each Nitrogen atom is 18 - 15 = 3 electrons away from an octet.
There are two nitrogen atoms in each $\rm N_2$ molecule.
The two nitrogen atoms need six more electrons in total and will form $6/2 =3$ covalent bonds.

Oxygen is in group 16.
Each oxygen atom is 18 - 16 = 2 electrons away from an octet.
There are two oxygen atoms in each $\rm O_2$ molecule.
The two oxygen atoms need four more electrons in total and will form $4/2 =2$ covalent bonds.

Hydrogen is a special case in the "octet" rule.
Each hydrogen atom needs one valence electron to attain the electron configuration of the next noble gas element, He.
There are two hydrogen atoms in each $\rm H_2$ molecule.
The two hydrogen atoms need two more electrons in total and will form $2/2 =1$ covalent bonds.

Inga [223]3 years ago

7 0

Answer:

11. Electrons are shared equally by two atoms.

12. Diatomic nitrogen

Explanation:

An example of the the first bond is the diatomic hydrogen.

There are 5 electrons in the nitrogen atom's outer shell. The 2 nitrogen atoms will each share 3 electrons to form 3 covalent bonds.

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Predict the sign of the entropy change,Delta S, for each of the following reactions:The signs are either going to be pos or nega

algol [13]

Answer: a) $Pb^{2+}(aq)+2Cl^-(aq)\rightarrow PbCl_2(s)$ : negative

b) $CaCO_3(s)\rightarrow CaO(s)+CO_2(g)$ : positive

c) $2NH_3(g)\rightarrow N_2(g)+3H_2(g)$ : positive.

d) $P_4(g)+5O_2(g)\rightarrow P_4O_{10}(s)$ : negative

e) $C_4H_8(g)+6O_2(g)\rightarrow 4CO_2(g)+4H_2O(g)$ : positive.

f) $I_2(s)\rightarrow I_2(g)$ : positive.

Explanation:

Entropy is the measure of randomness or disorder of a system. If a system moves from an ordered arrangement to a disordered arrangement, the entropy is said to decrease and vice versa.

$\Delta S$ is positive when randomness increases and $\Delta S$ is negative when randomness decreases.

a) $Pb^{2+}(aq)+2Cl^-(aq)\rightarrow PbCl_2(s)$

As ions are moving to solid form , randomness decreases and thus sign of $\Delta S$ is negative.

b) $CaCO_3(s)\rightarrow CaO(s)+CO_2(g)$

As solid is changing to gas, randomness increases and thus sign of $\Delta S$ is positive.

c) $2NH_3(g)\rightarrow N_2(g)+3H_2(g)$

As 2 moles of reactants are converted to 4 moles of products , randomness increases and thus sign of $\Delta S$ is positive.

d) $P_4(g)+5O_2(g)\rightarrow P_4O_{10}(s)$

As gas is changing to solid, randomness decreases and thus sign of $\Delta S$ is negative.

e) $C_4H_8(g)+6O_2(g)\rightarrow 4CO_2(g)+4H_2O(g)$

As 7 moles of reactants are converted to 8 moles of products , randomness increases and thus sign of $\Delta S$ is positive.

f) $I_2(s)\rightarrow I_2(g)$

As solid is changing to gas, randomness increases and thus sign of $\Delta S$ is positive.

6 0

3 years ago

How many moles of calcium, Ca, are in 5.00 g of calcium?

Rom4ik [11]

<h3>Answer:</h3>

0.125 mol Ca

<h3>General Formulas and Concepts:</h3>

<u>Math</u>

<u>Pre-Algebra</u>

Order of Operations: BPEMDAS

Brackets
Parenthesis
Exponents
Multiplication
Division
Addition
Subtraction

Left to Right

<u>Chemistry</u>

<u>Atomic Structure</u>

Reading a Periodic Table
Using Dimensional Analysis

<h3>Explanation:</h3>

<u>Step 1: Define</u>

5.00 g Ca

<u>Step 2: Identify Conversions</u>

Molar mass of Ca - 40.08 g/mol

<u>Step 3: Convert</u>

Set up: $\displaystyle 5.00 \ g \ Ca(\frac{1 \ mol \ Ca}{40.08 \ g \ Ca})$
Multiply: $\displaystyle 0.12475 \ mol \ Ca$

<u>Step 4: Check</u>

<em>Follow sig fig rules and round. We are given 3 sig figs.</em>

0.12475 mol Ca ≈ 0.125 mol Ca

3 0

3 years ago

Número cuántico que designa el nivel de energía en el que se localiza un electrón:

Fed [463]

Answer:

Creo que la respuesta es n. Transalation : I think the answer is N.

Explanation:

4 0

2 years ago

An unknown compound contains only C , H , and O . Combustion of 4.20 g of this compound produced 10.3 g CO 2 and 4.20 g H 2 O .

vodomira [7]

Answer:

C4H8O

Explanation:

We can get the answer through calculations as follows.

From the mass of carbon iv oxide produced, we can get the number of moles of carbon produced. We first divide the mass by the molar mass of carbon iv oxide. The molar mass of carbon iv oxide is 44g/mol

The number of moles of carbon iv oxide is 10.3/44 = 0.2341

Since there is only one carbon atom in CO2, the number of moles of carbon is same as above

The mass of carbon in the compound is simply the number of moles multiplied by the atomic mass unit. The atomic mass unit of carbon is 12. The mass of carbon in the compound is thus 12 * 0.2341= 2.8091

From the number of moles of water, we can get the number of moles of hydrogen. To get the number of moles of water, we need to divide the mass of water by its molar mass. Its molar mass is 18g/mol. The number of moles here is thus 4.2/18 = 0.2333

But there are 2 atoms of hydrogen in 1 mole of water and thus, the number of moles of hydrogen is 2 * 0.2333 = 0.4667 moles

The mass of hydrogen is thus 0.4667* 1 = 0.4667

The mass of oxygen equals the mass of the compound minus that of hydrogen and that of carbon.

= 4.2 - 0.4667 - 2.8091 = 0.9242

The number of moles of oxygen is the mass of oxygen divided by its atomic mass unit.

That equals 0.9242/16 = 0.0577625 moles

The empirical formula can be obtained by dividing the number of moles of each by the smallest which is that of oxygen

H = 0.4667/0.0577625 = 8

O = 0.0577625/0.0577625 = 1

C = 0.2341/0.0577625 = 4

The empirical formula is thus C4H8O

5 0

3 years ago

In an organic structure, you can classify each of the carbons as follows: Primary carbon (1o) = carbon bonded to just 1 other ca

Alla [95]

The question is incomplete, complete question is :

In an organic structure, you can classify each of the carbons as follows: Primary carbon (1°) = carbon bonded to just 1 other carbon group Secondary carbon (2°) = carbon bonded to 2 other carbon groups Tertiary carbon (3°) = carbon bonded to 3 other carbon groups Quaternary carbon (4°) = carbon bonded to 4 other carbon groups How many carbons of each classification are in the structure below? How many total carbons are in the structure? How many primary carbons are in the structure? How many secondary carbons are in the structure? How many tertiary carbons are in the structure? How many quaternary carbons are in the structure?

Structure is given in an image?

Answer:

There are 10 carbon atoms in the given structures out of which 6 are 1° , 1 is 2° , 2 are 3° and 1 is 4°.

Explanation:

Total numbers of carbon = 10

Number of primary carbons that is carbon joined to just single carbon atom = 6

Number of secondary carbons that is carbon joined to two carbon atoms = 1

Number of tertiary carbons that is carbon joined to three carbon atoms = 2

Number of quartenary carbons that is carbon joined to four carbon atoms = 1

So, there are 10 carbon atoms in the given structures out of which 6 are 1° , 1 is 2° , 2 are 3° and 1 is 4°.

3 0

3 years ago