The low-mass elements, hydrogen and helium, were produced in the hot, dense conditions of the birth of the universe itself. The birth, life, and death of a star is described in terms of nuclear reactions. The chemical elements that make up the matter we observe throughout the universe were created in these reactions.
Answer: a) 
b) 
c) 
d) 
Explanation:
General representation of an element is given as:_Z^A\textrm{X}
where,
Z represents Atomic number
A represents Mass number
X represents the symbol of an element
Mass number is defined as the sum of number of protons and neutrons that are present in an atom.
Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
In an atom, when neutrons or protons are lost or gains, it directly affects the mass number of an atom.
Atomic number is defined as the number of protons or number of electrons that are present in an atom.
It is characteristic of a particular element.
Atomic number = Number of electrons = Number of proton
a) Z 74, A 186: 
b) Z 80, A 201: 
c) Z 34, A 76: 
d) Z 94, A 239.: 
Order.
Hope this helps! :)
Scratching causes cracks and crevices on the surface of the flask (though microscopically). These will act as favorable sites for nucleation, which leads to the formation of crystals.
Explanation:
The orbital for fluorine is 1s 2s 2p. All of the boxes should be filled COMPLETELY until you can't no more. How do you know if you can't anymore? By the <u>atomic number</u> of the element. The atomic number for fluorine is 9. So, you keep adding arrows starting from the first box all the way to the last until you have reached the atomic number, in this case, 9.
Answer: