The thermal energy of the water. Because the water is waaay above Absolute Zero (0K, or -273,15 C) it holds thermal energy or aka the temperature of the water. If the temperature of the water is higher than the one in the thermometer, the heat will 'flow' into the liquid (mostly mercury or modern, it is ethanol), causing the liquid to rise since it's volume increases. The same when te water has lower temperature. The thermal energy of the thermometer will 'flow' in the water and the volume shrinks, causing the liquid to go down. Simple thermodynamics.
Answer: The speed of the wave propagation and the frequency of the fundamental harmonic would increase by 9.5%.
Explanation: The speed of wave propagation through a string is given by

where
is the tension. The fundamental harmonic of the string is the one that has its wavelength equal to
, where
is the length of the string so we have for its frequency

Now if the tension increases by 20% we would have
and also

and, similarly

This means that the speed of the wave propagation and the frequency of the fundamental harmonic would increase by 9.5%.
Answer:
2)
Series circuits = D & E
parallel circuits = C & F
3)
Circuit C is connected in parallel and circuit D is connected in series.
Circuit D and E are the same, despite the switch is located in a different position, they are working in series.
Circuits C and F are the same, they are connected in parallel.
There will be only one bulb in on mode and it is in the circuit F.
Explanation:
In the attached image, we can see a serial circuit and a parallel circuit. Serial circuits are characterized by sharing the same current, if the current step is interrupted (opening the switch), the current will not flow and no element (light bulbs off) will work. When a circuit is connected in parallel, they share the same voltage within the circuit. All resistive elements or bulbs are located between nodes 1 and 2, so they share the same voltage.
The special case are the circuits C and F, both are connected in parallel. But in circuit C the switch is near to the voltage source, therefore when the switch is unplugged there won't be the main current and the bulbs will be off.
In-circuit F, when the switch is off only the bulb near to the switch won't work the other bulb will be working because the main current is passing through it.
A. ask him/her to pull over and offer to drive (if you have your license.)
B. ask him/her to call someone to come pick you guys up.
C. call a cab.