The eroded rock and soil materials that are transported downstream by a river are called its load. A river transports, or carries, its load in three different ways: in solution, in suspension, and in its bed load.
Mineral matter that has been dissolved from bedrock is carried in solution. Common minerals carried in solution by rivers include dissolved calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate. Most of a river’s solution load comes from groundwater seeping into the river. Before it reaches the stream,thegroundwaterhastraveledthroughfracturesinthebedrock, chemically eroding rock along the way.
When river water looks muddy, it is carrying rock material in suspension. Suspended material includes clay, silt, and fine sand. Although these suspended materials are heavier than water, the turbulence of the stream flow stirs them up and keeps them from sinking. Turbulence includes swirls and eddies that form in water as a result of friction between the stream and its channel. The faster a stream flows, the more turbulent and muddy it becomes. A rough or irregular channel also increases turbulence.
A river may also transport rock materials in its bed load. The bed load consists of sand, pebbles, and boulders that are too heavy to be carried in suspension. These heavier materials are moved along the streambed, especially during floods. Boulders and pebbles roll or slide along the river bed. Large sand grains are pushed along the bottom in a series of jumps and bounces.
The relative amounts of a river’s load that are carried in solution, in suspension, and in the bed load depend on the nature of the river, the climate, the type of bedrock, and the season of the year. As a general rule, most of the load carried by the world’s streams and rivers is carried in suspension. The size of a river’s suspended load increases with human land use. Road and building construction and removal of vegetation make it easier for rain to wash sediment into streams and rivers.
Answer:
2/R*sqrt (g*s*sin(θ)) = w
Explanation:
Assume:
- The cylinder with mass m
- The radius of cylinder R
- Distance traveled down the slope is s
- The angular speed at bottom of slope w
- The slope of the plane θ
- Frictionless surface.
Solution:
- Using energy principle at top and bottom of the slope. The exchange of gravitational potential energy at height h, and kinetic energy at the bottom of slope.
ΔPE = ΔKE
- The change in gravitational potential energy is given as m*g*h.
- The kinetic energy of the cylinder at the bottom is given as rotational motion: 0.5*I*w^2
- Where I is the moment of inertia of the cylinder I = 0.5*m*R^2
We have:
m*g*s*sin(θ) = 0.25*m*R^2*w^2
2/R*sqrt (g*s*sin(θ)) = w
- The angular velocity depends on plane geometry θ , distance travelled down slope s, Radius of the cylinder R , and gravitational acceleration g
Answer:
zircons
Explanation:
they are over 4.375 billion years old
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