The purpose of washing the organic product that contains water with anhydrous calcium chloride is to remove water from the organic product, thereby, increasing its purity. Calcium chloride is known to be one of the most effective drying agents together with sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate. It is especially used for hydrocarbons. It is an inorganic salt that readily takes up the water from the organic product.
Answer:
See explanation and images attached
Explanation:
a) In the mechanism for the acid catalysed esterification of propanoic acid using ethanol, we can see that the first step is the protonation of the acid followed by nucleophillic attack of the alcohol. Loss of water and consequent deprotonation regenerates the acid catalyst. We can see the fate of the 18O labelled ethanol in the mechanism shown.
b) In the second mechanism, an unnamed ester is hydrolysed using an acid catalyst. The attack of the acid and subsequent nucleophillic attack of water labelled with 18O leads to the incorporation of this 18O into the product acid as shown in the mechanism attached to this answer.
Explanation:
We know that,
1 mile = 1609.34 m
We need to find how many meters are present in the 12.45 miles. To find it use unitary method as follows :
12.45 mile = 1609.34 × 12.45
12.45 mile=20036.283 meters
or

Hence, this is the required solution.