Which of the following is an example of a plant virus?

The curly toe phenotype is controlled by 4 genes that act in an additive manner. The environment does not have an effect on this

Sergio [31]

Answer:

What is the highest number of risk units an individual can have with this model? 48 units of risk
What is the phenotype of an individual of genotype AaBbCCDd? The individual has curly toes
Is it possible for them to have a child with curly toes?

Yes, the couple can have children with curly toes.

Explanation:

Available data:

The curly toe phenotype is controlled by 4 diallelic additive genes
Genes A, B, C, D
A dominant allele has 6 units of risk
A recessive allele has 2 units of risk
Individuals with more than 35 units of risk have curly toes
Individuals with 35 or fewer risk units have straight toes

The term quantitative heritability refers to the transmission of a phenotypic trait in which expression depends on the additive effect of a series of genes.

Polygenic heritability occurs when a trait results from the interaction of more than one gene. And these genes can also have more than two alleles. The action of many genes and alleles can cause many different combinations that are the reason for genotypic graduation.

Quantitative traits are those that can be measure, such as longitude, weight, eggs laid per female, among others. These characters do not group individuals by any precise and clear categories. Instead, they group individuals in many different categories that depend on how the genes were intercrossed and distributed during meiosis. The result depends on the magnitude in which each allele contributes to the final phenotype and genotype. When they interact, they create a gradation in phenotypes, according to the level of contribution.

According to this information, and knowing how each allele contributes to the risk, we can say that the minimum units of risk are 16, determined by the recessive genotype aabbccdd. Each recessive allele contributes with 2 units of risk, so (aa=4units + bb=4 units + cc=4 units + dd=4 units) = 16 units.

Each time a dominant allele is present in the genotype, it adds 6 units to the total risk.

What is the highest number of risk units an individual can have with this model?

48 units of risk, which corresponds to the genotype AABBCCDD. Each dominant allele contributes 6 units to the risk. There are 8 dominant alleles, so, 8x6=48 units.

What is the phenotype of an individual of genotype AaBbCCDd?

The individual has curly toes because it has a risk of 36 units, which is superior to the limit of 35 units. Dominant alleles A, B, C, C, D contribute with 30 units of risk (6x5), and recessive alleles a, b, d contribute 6 units of risk (3x2).

Cross:

Parentals) AAbbCcDd x AaBbCCDd

Gametes) AbCD, AbcD, AbCd, Abcd

ABCD, ABCd, AbCD, AbCd, aBCD, aBCd, abCD, abCd

Punnett square) AbCD AbcD AbCd Abcd

ABCD AABbCCDD AABbCcDD AABbCCDd AABbCcDd

ABCd AABbCCDd AABbCcDd AABbCCdd AABbCcdd

AbCD AAbbCCDD AAbbCcDD AAbbCCDd AAbbCcDd

AbCd AAbbCCDd AAbbCcDd AAbbCCdd AAbbCcdd

aBCD AaBbCCDD AaBbCcDD AaBbCCDd AaBbCcDd

aBCd AaBbCCDd AaBbCcDd AaBbCCdd AaBbCcdd

abCD AabbCCDD AabbCcDD AabbCCDd AabbCcDd

abCd AabbCCDd AabbCcDd AabbCCdd AabbCcdd

F1) 16 /32 = 1/2 individuals in the progeny are expected to have curly toes

16 /32 = 1/2 individuals are expected to have straight toes

Is it possible for them to have a child with curly toes?

Yes, the couple can have children with curly toes.

To have curly toes, individuals must have more than 35 units of risk.

To have more than 35 units, individuals´ genotypes must carry at least 5 dominant alleles (which equal 30 units).

8 0

2 years ago

Both lipids and carbohydrates are important in animal cells because both do what

elena55 [62]

Both lipids and carbohydrates are important in animal cells because store energy. The main biological functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes. Carbohydrates on the other hand have six major functions in the body; including providing energy and regulation of blood glucose, sparing the use of proteins for energy, breakdown of fatty acids and preventing ketosis.

7 0

3 years ago

Where does the primary source of energy needed for life come from?

vodka [1.7K]

Answer: A Solar Energy (The Sun)

6 0

3 years ago

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Answer the following questions about circulation of baby after birth.

artcher [175]

1. Gases are exchanged inside the lungs through the surfaces of thousands of alveoli to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen
2. Wastes are removed through the excretory system after passing through either the kidneys urine or the digestive tract feces
3.Blood is redirected after a change in blood pressure after birth. Blood now flows through the pulmonary artery to the lungs to receive oxygen
4. The lungs alveoli, the intestines, the pulmonary artery, and the excretory system
hope it helps

7 0

3 years ago

Select the true statements about protein secondary structure.

saul85 [17]

Answer:

C.The β‑pleated sheet is held together by hydrogen bonds between adjacent segments.

Explanation:

Hello!

The most common secondary structures are α-helix and β-sheets. The structures are defined by regular hydrogen bonds formed between the N-H and C=O groups of the amino acids that form the chain. These structures form in segments of the protein as an intermediate before it folds into the 3D tertiary structure.

α helix 

It is a cylindrical structure that comprehends a helical backbone, while the side chains extend outward in a helical distribution. The α-helix stabilizes through hydrogen bonds between the amines and carbonyls groups of the backbone. Each carbonyl group forms a hydrogen bond with the amine group four residues later in the main chain. Thus, except for the amino acids near the end of the α-helix, all the carbonyls and amines groups in the main chain are linked by hydrogen bonds. Each residue corresponds to a translation of 1,5Ǻ and a turn of 100º this equals 3,6 residues per turn.

From the observer point of view, if the rotation of the helix is clockwise or right-handed, it's called dextrorotation and if the rotation is counterclockwise or left-handed it's called levorotation. Dexorotation or dextrogyre is the most common rotation of α-helixes in proteins. Levorotation or levogyre is very rare but can be found in proteins with a large content of achiral glycine.

β-sheets (β-pleated sheets)

This structure consists of at least two β-strands (polypeptide chains), the strands conform a backbone of three to ten amino acids in an extended formation that connects laterally with hydrogen bonds. The distance between adjacent amino acids in a β-strand is approximately 3,5Ǻ in contrast to the 1,5Ǻ distance of an α helix. The chains that form a β-sheet have directionality conferred by their N-terminus and C-terminus. Adjacent β-strands can form hydrogen bonds in antiparallel, parallel or mixed arrangements. In the antiparallel arrangement, the adjacent strands are said to have opposite directions (N-C vs C-N) this allows the bonds to be established between the amines and carbonyls groups of each amino acid with the carbonyls and amines of the adjacent amino acid. This way the bonds between carbonyls and amines are planar, which allows strong interstrand stability.

In the parallel arrangement, the adjacent strands have the same direction (N-C vs N-C). In this type of arrangement, each amine forms a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl of the adjacent amino acid, but its carbonyl group forms a hydrogen bond with the amine group of the amino acid two residues later.

I hope you have a SUPER day!

6 0

3 years ago

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