A planetary surface is where the solid (or liquid) material of the outer crust on certain types of astronomical objects contacts the atmosphere or outer space. Planetary surfaces are found on solid objects of planetary mass, including terrestrial planets (including Earth), dwarf planets, natural satellites, planetesimals and many other small Solar System bodies (SSSBs).[1][2][3] The study of planetary surfaces is a field of planetary geology known as surface geology, but also a focus of a number of fields including planetary cartography, topography, geomorphology, atmospheric sciences, and astronomy. Land (or ground) is the term given to non-liquid planetary surfaces. The term landing is used to describe the collision of an object with a planetary surface and is usually at a velocity in which the object can remain intact and remain attached.
In differentiated bodies, the surface is where the crust meets the planetary boundary layer. Anything below this is regarded as being sub-surface or sub-marine. Most bodies more massive than super-Earths, including stars and gas giants, as well as smaller gas dwarfs, transition contiguously between phases, including gas, liquid, and solid. As such, they are generally regarded as lacking surfaces.
Planetary surfaces and surface life are of particular interest to humans as it is the primary habitat of the species, which has evolved to move over land and breathe air. Human space exploration and space colonization therefore focuses heavily on them. Humans have only directly explored the surface of Earth and the Moon. The vast distances and complexities of space makes direct exploration of even near-Earth objects dangerous and expensive. As such, all other exploration has been indirect via space probes.
Indirect observations by flyby or orbit currently provide insufficient information to confirm the composition and properties of planetary surfaces. Much of what is known is from the use of techniques such as astronomical spectroscopy and sample return. Lander spacecraft have explored the surfaces of planets Mars and Venus. Mars is the only other planet to have had its surface explored by a mobile surface probe (rover). Titan is the only non-planetary object of planetary mass to have been explored by lander. Landers have explored several smaller bodies including 433 Eros (2001), 25143 Itokawa (2005), Tempel 1 (2005), 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (2014), 162173 Ryugu (2018) and 101955 Bennu (2020). Surface samples have been collected from the Moon (returned 1969), 25143 Itokawa (returned 2010), 162173 Ryugu and 101955 Bennu.
Answer is: <span>the molarity of this glucose solution is 0.278 M.
m</span>(C₆H₁₂O₆<span>) = 5.10 g.
n</span>(C₆H₁₂O₆) = m(C₆H₁₂O₆) ÷ M(C₆H₁₂O₆<span>) .
</span>n(C₆H₁₂O₆) = 5.10 g ÷ 180.156 g/mol.
n(C₆H₁₂O₆<span>) = 0.028 mol.
</span>V(solution) = 100.5 mL ÷ 1000 mL/L.
V(solution) = 0.1005 L.
c(C₆H₁₂O₆) = n(C₆H₁₂O₆) ÷ V(solution).
c(C₆H₁₂O₆) = 0.028 mol ÷ 0.1005 L.
c(C₆H₁₂O₆<span>) = 0.278 mol/L.</span>
Answer:
Five
Explanation:
Valance electrons are the outermost electrons in an atom. There are five electrons in the third layer of the phosphorus atom. So your answer is five valance electrons.
Answer:
Option C.
Explanation:
The arrangement of electrons in their orbital follows certain rules.
The Hund's rule practically explained how electrons are distributed in their orbitals.
The Hund's rule states that electrons distributed among the orbitals of the same shell singly (without partner) before pairing occurs.
In the filling of these electrons in their orbitals, we fill in the electron without pairing first because electrons tends to repel each other before filling with the opposite spin as shown in the attached photo.
