I think the answer is potential
Coulomb's Law
Given:
F = 3.0 x 10^-3 Newton
d = 6.0 x 10^2 meters
Q1 = 3.3x 10^-8 Coulombs
k = 9.0 x 10^9 Newton*m^2/Coulombs^2
Required:
Q2 =?
Formula:
F = k • Q1 • Q2 / d²
Solution:
So, to solve for Q2
Q2 = F • d²/ k • Q1
Q2 = (3.0 x 10^-3 Newton) • (6.0 x 10^2 m)² / (9.0 x 10^9
Newton*m²/Coulombs²) • (3.3x 10^-8 Coulombs)
Q2 = (3.0 x 10^-3 Newton) • (360 000 m²) / (297 Newton*m²/Coulombs)
Q2 = 1080 Newton*m²/ (297 Newton*m²/Coulombs)
Then, take the reciprocal of the denominator and start
multiplying
Q2 = 1080 • 1 Coulombs/297
Q2 = 1080 Coulombs / 297
Q2 = 3.63636363636 Coulombs
Q2 = 3.64 Coulumbs
They spill out chemicals into our air that may be bad for our lungs
At the present time, the only way we know of that light can get shifted
toward the blue end of the spectrum is the Doppler effect ... wavelengths
appear shorter than they should be when the source is moving toward us.
IF that's true in the case of the Andromeda galaxy, it means the galaxy is
moving toward us.
We use the same reasoning to conclude that all the galaxies whose light is red-shifted are moving away from us. That includes the vast majority of all galaxies that we can see, and it strongly supports the theory of the big bang
and the expanding universe.
If somebody ever comes along and discovers a DIFFERENT way that light
can get shifted to new, longer or shorter wavelengths, then pretty much all
of modern Cosmology will be out the window. There's a lot riding on the
Doppler effect !
The answer is static friction. This is the friction that involves objects that do not move.