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Answer:
HYDROGEN BONDING (determines rate of migration)
Explanation:
There are two forces acting on the sample:
<u>Gravity/ Capillary action force:</u> This can include gravity, pumping of fluid through the tube, or the capillary action of the liquid when moving up the sheet of paper.
<u>Interactive force with the gel used:</u> The another force is dependent on the fundamental properties of individual components with fluid. These can be polarity, charge, adhesive nature, etc.
The most type of the chromatography is exploiting polarity of the molecules. So in TLC, we have a sheet coated with silica gel usually (polar), and a liquid that contains a mixture of different compounds which is being pushed up paper through the capillary action.
Some liquid's polarity will be greater than the others, and that's why the liquids move at various speeds based on favorable/ unfavorable interactions between different compounds in the mixture.
In this way, one can separate a mixture into individual constituting parts.
<u>Thus, the relative amount of hydrogen bonding to the stationary phase will determine the Relative Rate of Migration of the various components in the sample.</u>
Answer:
She will need to add 5.6 cups of water
Explanation:
Hi there!
Marta has to dilute the citric acid to 5%.
The dilution factor will be 12%/ 5% = 2.4. Then, Marta will need to dilute the citric acid 2.4 times. If she has 4 cups of the solution, she will need to add water until she completes a volume of (4 cups ·2.4) 9.6 cups to reach the desired concentration.
Then, she will need to add 9.6 - 4 cups water = 5.6 cups of water
Another way to solve this is by using the fact that the mass of citric acid in the concentrated and diluted solution is the same. Then:
mass citric acid concentrated solution = mass citric acid in dilute solution
mass of citric acid = concentration · volume
Then:
initial concentration · volume = final concentration · volume
12% · 4 cups = 5% · volume
volume = 12% · 4 cups / 5% = 9.6 cups
The final volume of the solution at 5% will be 9.6 cups. So Marta will need 9.6 cups - 4 cups = 5.6 cups water
