Answer:
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Explanation:
<span>Gamma radiation has a shorter wavelength, a higher frequency and higher energy than radio radiation.
Wavelength is inverse to frequency and energy (i.e. higher wavelength means lower frequency and lower energy, and vice versa).</span>
Answer:
Because number of electrons becomes greater than protons and atom form anion.
Explanation:
In order to understand this problem we must know about anion and cation.
Anion:
When an atom gain the electrons anion is formed. The negative sign shows that atom gain electron because number of electron are greater than protons or we can say that negative charge becomes greater than positive charge.
Cation:
When atom lose electron cation is formed. The atom thus have positive charge because number of positive charge i.e protons are increased are greater than negative charge or electron.
In given problem N gain three electrons which means negative charge becomes greater that's why the extra electron gained by atoms are written as -3.
Answer:
(a) MOPS
(b) MES
Explanation:
Buffers are solutions whose function is to resist drastic changes in pH when an <em>acid</em> or a <em>base</em> is added. They are formed by 2 components:
- A weak acid and its conjugate base (e.g., HF/F⁻). <u>(acid buffer)</u>
- A weak base and its conjugate acid (e.g., NH₃/NH₄⁺). <u>(basic buffer)</u>
pH and be pOH can be calculated, in each case, according to Henderson-Hasselbalch equations:
pH = pKa + log ([conjugate base]/[weak acid]) <u>(acid buffer)</u>
pOH = pKb + log ([conjugate acid]/[weak base]) <u>(basic buffer)</u>
It is possible to see that when the concentration of acid is equal to that of its base, pH = pKa or pOH = pKb. This is the point where the buffer has its optimum performance. Nevertheless, it has its most effective range of work (buffer range) when the ratio acid:base is between 0.1 and 10. If we take these values into Henderson-Hasselbalch equations, we can see that the optimum range of work is:
- For acid buffer, pH = pKa ± 1
- For basic buffer, pOH = pKb ± 1
In (a) (pH = 7.0), the solution is closet to the pK of the MOPS buffer, so this would be the best choice. Nevertheless, both MES and HEPPS would be suitable options, because their buffer ranges comprise pH = 7.0.
In (b) (pH = 6.0), the solution is closest to the pK of the MES buffer, so this would be the best option. Other buffers are not suitable because pH = 6.0 is out of their buffer range.
