The outer shell electrons are only involved in the bonding process since they are the only 'incomplete' shell and it needs to be fulfilled by another element.
POH=14-pH=14-2.5=11.5
pH=-log[H+]
2.5=-log [H+]
[H+]=10^-5/2
[OH-]=10^(14-5/2)=10^23/2
Types of Bonds can be predicted by calculating the
difference in electronegativity.
If, Electronegativity difference is,
Less
than 0.4 then it is Non Polar Covalent Bond
Between 0.4 and 1.7 then it is Polar Covalent Bond
Greater than 1.7 then it is Ionic
For Br₂;
E.N of Bromine = 2.96
E.N of Bromine = 2.96
________
E.N Difference
0.00 (Non Polar Covalent Bond)
For MgS;
E.N of Sulfur = 2.58
E.N of Magnesium = 1.31
________
E.N Difference 1.27 (Ionic Bond)
For SO₂;
E.N of Oxygen = 3.44
E.N of Sulfur = 2.58
________
E.N Difference 0.86 (Polar Covalent Bond)
For KF;
E.N of Fluorine = 3.98
E.N of Potassium = 0.82
________
E.N Difference 3.16 (Ionic Bond)
Result: The Bonds in Br₂ and SO₂ are Covalent in Nature.
It has: 2 atoms of sodium (Na) 1 atom of Carbon 3 atoms of Oxygen bound together with ionic and polar-covalent bonds
Answer:
the catalyst is for activation energy
