What is the value of the natural logarithm when x=0.5 is rounded to the nearest hundredth?
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Law of cosines :
The law of cosines establishes:
general guidelines:
The law of cosines is used to find the missing parts of an oblique triangle (not rectangle) when either the two-sided measurements and the included angle measure are known (SAS) or the lengths of the three sides (SSS) are known.
Law of the sines:
In ΔABC is an oblique triangle with sides a, b, and c, then:
The law of the sines is the relation between the sides and angles of triangles not rectangles (obliques). It simply states that the ratio of the length of one side of a triangle to the sine of the angle opposite to that side is equal for all sides and angles in a given triangle.
General guidelines:
To use the law of the sines you need to know either two angles and one side of the triangle (AAS or ASA) or two sides and an opposite angle of one of them (SSA).
The ambiguous case :
If two sides and an angle opposite one of them is given, three possibilities may occur.
(1) The triangle does not exist.
(2) Two different triangles exist.
(3) Exactly a triangle exists.
If we are given two sides and an included angle of a triangle or if we are given 3 sides of a triangle, we can not use the law of the sines because we can not establish any proportion where sufficient information is known. In these two cases we must use the law of cosines
Assuming 
does not include the plane 
, we can parameterize the region in spherical coordinates using
where
and 
. We then have
Then the surface integral is equivalent to
We have
So the surface integral is equivalent to
where
.
where
Then the surface integral is equivalent to
We have
So the surface integral is equivalent to
where