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EleoNora [17]
3 years ago
7

cThe Mars Rover Spirit got stuck in the Martian sand. The wheels kept slipping. Attempts to free it were futile. Discuss the typ

e of actuator in this case. Can you suggest any improvements in the actuator that would have prevented this unfortunate breakdown
Engineering
1 answer:
IgorC [24]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

Improved/ advanced types of Actuators include servo systems, create a large range of actuator motion in response to the changing needs of the operational environment or process.

Actuators are local or automated suppliers of working motion.

Hydraulic and air cylinders can be classified as single-acting cylinders, meaning that the energy source result in movement in one direction and a spring is used for the other direction.

Explanation:

An actuator control system is referred to as any electronic, electrical, or electromechanical system often used to activate an actuator, control the direction as well as extent and duration of its output. Actuator control systems could take the form of extremely simple, manually-operated, start-and-stop stations, either sophisticated or programmable computer systems. The more improved/ advanced types include servo systems that produce a large range of actuator motion in response to the changing needs of the operational environment or process. This type of actuator control system uses an interface arrangement that assimilates feedback from the process or mechanism and adjusts the actuator in the right way. Most actuator systems will include at least a set of travel limits that prevent the actuator destroying itself or the secondary mechanism.

Actuators are local or automated suppliers of working motion. They are used to changes, adjust, or move a secondary mechanism, where a physical operator cannot intervene directly. They are denoted by a large range of varying types using electrical and electromagnetic, hydraulic, or pneumatic power sources to create linear or rotary outputs. One element they all have in common is the actuator control system used to start, stop, and adjust the range, speed, and duration of the working motion.

Actuators can produce a linear motion, rotary motion or oscillatory motion which means they can create motion in one direction, in a circular motion or in opposite directions at regular intervals. Hydraulic and air cylinders can be classified as single-acting cylinders, meaning that the energy source result in movement in one direction and a spring is used for the other direction.

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Calculate the osmotic pressure of seawater containing 3.5 wt % NaCl at 25 °C . If reverse osmosis is applied to treat seawater,
AlladinOne [14]

Answer:

Highest osmotic pressure that membrane may experience is

' =58.638 atm

Explanation:

Suppose sea-water taken is M= 1 kg

Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

Therefore Volume of water= Mass,M/Density of water

V= 1 kg/(1000 kg/m3)

V= 10-3 m3= 1 Litre

Since mass of Nacl is 3.5 wt%,Therefore in 1 kg of water

Mass present of NaCl= m= 0.035*1000 g

m= 35 g

Since molecular weight of NaCl= 58.44 g/mol =M.W.

Thus its Number of moles of Nacl= m/M.W

nNaCl= 35g/58.44 gmol-1

= 0.5989 mol

ans since volume of solution is 1 L thus concentration of NaCl is ,C= number of moles/Volume of solution in Litres

C= 0.5989mol/ 1L

=0.5989 M

Since 1 mol NaCL disssociates to form 2 moles of ions of Na+ andCl- Thus van't hoff factor i=2

And osmotic pressure  = iCRT ------------------------------(1)( Where R= 0.0821 L.atm/mol.K and T= 25oC= 298.15 K)

Putting in equation 1 ,we get  = 2*(0.5989 mol/L)*(0.0821 L.atm/mol.K)*298.15 K

=29.319 atm

Now as the water gets filtered out of the membrane,the water's volume decreases and concentration C of NacL increases, thus osmotic pressure also increases.Thus, at 50% water been already filtered out, the osmotic pressure at the membrane will be maximum

Thus Volume of water left after 50% is filtered out as fresh water= 0.5 L (assuming no salt passes through semi permeable membrane)

Thus New concentration of NaCl C'= 2*C

C'=2*0.5989 M

=1.1978 M

and Since Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to concentration, Thus As concentration C doubles to C', Osmotic Pressure  ' also doubles from  ,

Thus,Highest osmotic pressure that membrane may experience is,  '=2*  

=2*29.319 atm

' =58.638 atm

3 0
3 years ago
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