Explanation:
B. Assay using antibodies to detect small drugs in solution
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Nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.
Answer:
The lower back pain and bilateral leg pain is due to over and intense physical activity which causes stretching of ligaments and muscles resulting in back and leg pain. Such pain can be managed by limited or by reducing physical activity. The dark color of urine is due to the presence of bile (bilirubin) in the urine. Here the patient has a past medical history of alcohol abuse. Excessive alcohol intake enhances gut permeability resulting in enhanced absorption of bacterial endotoxins. Excessive endotoxins in the liver cause damage of the kupffer cells in the liver, resulting in the release of bilirubin in the blood which ultimately passes through kidneys into the urine.
Explanation:
I think bacteria I’m not positive though.