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Over [174]
2 years ago
14

Based upon the following diagram, propose a possible identity for atoms X and Y. Explain your answer in terms of the periodic ta

ble and ionic bonding. Lastly, explain why the atoms bond in this ratio.

Chemistry
1 answer:
zhenek [66]2 years ago
8 0

Answer:

Up until now we have been discussing only the elemental forms of atoms which are neutrally charged. This is because the number of electrons (negative in charge) is equal to the number of protons (positive in charge). The overall charge on the atom is zero, because the magnitude of the negative charge is the same as the magnitude of the positive charge. This one-to-one ratio of charges is not, however, the most common state for many elements. Deviations from this ratio result in charged particles called ions.

Throughout nature, things that are high in energy tend to move toward lower energy states. Lower energy configurations are more stable, so things are naturally drawn toward them. For atoms, these lower energy states are represented by the noble gas elements. These elements have electron configurations characterized by full s and p subshells. This makes them stable and unreactive. They are already at a low energy state, so they tend to stay as they are.

The elements in the other groups have subshells that are not full, so they are unstable when compared to the noble gases. This instability drives them toward the lower energy states represented by the noble gases that are nearby in the periodic table. In these lower energy states, the outermost energy level has eight electrons (an “octet”). The tendency of an atom toward a configuration in which it possesses eight valence electrons is referred to as the “Octet Rule.”

There are two ways for an atom that does not have an octet of valence electrons to obtain an octet in its outer shell. One way is the transfer of electrons between two atoms until both atoms have octets. Because some atoms will lose electrons and some atoms will gain electrons, there is no overall change in the number of electrons, but with the transfer of electrons the individual atoms acquire a nonzero electric charge. Those that lose electrons become positively charged, and those that gain electrons become negatively charged. Recall that atoms carrying positive or negative charges are called ions. If an atom has gained one or more electrons, it is negatively charged and is called an anion. If an atom has lost one or more electrons, it is positively charged and is called a cation. Because opposite charges attract (while like charges repel), these oppositely charged ions attract each other, forming ionic bonds. The resulting compounds are called ionic compounds.

The second way for an atom to obtain an octet of electrons is by sharing electrons with another atom. These shared electrons simultaneously occupy the outermost shell of both atoms. The bond made by electron sharing is called a covalent bond. Covalent bonding and covalent compounds will be discussed in Chapter 4 “Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds”.

At the end of chapter 2, we learned how to draw the electron dot symbols to represent the valence electrons for each of the elemental families.  This skill will be instrumental in learning about ions and ionic bonding. Looking at Figure 3.1, observe the Noble Gas family of elements. The electron dot symbol for the Nobel Gas family clearly indicates that the valence electron shell is completely full with an octet of electrons.  If you look at the other families, you can see how many electrons they will need to gain or lose to reach the octet state.  Above, we noted that elements are the most stable when they can reach the octet state. However, it should also be noted that housing excessively high negative or positive charge is unfavorable.  Thus, elements will reach the octet state and also maintain the lowest charge possible.   You will note that for the IA, IIA, IIIA and transition metals groups, it is more economical to lose electrons (1-3 electrons) from their valence shells to reach the octet state, rather than to gain 5-7 electrons.  Similarly main group columns VA, VIA, and VIIA tend to gain electrons (1-3) to complete their octet, rather than losing 5-7 electrons. Some atoms, like carbon, are directly in the middle.  These atoms don’t like to gain or lose electrons, but tend to favor the sharing model of chemical bonding. The remaining sections of this chapter will focus on the formation of ions and the resulting ionic compounds.

Explanation:

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What do elements in the first two columns of the periodic table have in common?
coldgirl [10]

Answer: b.) they tend to lose electrons to gain stability

Explanation:

5 0
2 years ago
The molarity (M) of an aqueous solution containing 22.5 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) in 35.5 mL of solution is ________.
Nonamiya [84]

Answer:

1.86 M

Explanation:

From the question given above, the following data were obtained:

Mass of sucrose (C12H22O11) = 22.5 g

Volume of solution = 35.5 mL

Molarity of solution =?

Next, we shall determine the number of mole in 22.5 g of sucrose (C12H22O11). This can be obtained as follow:

Mass of sucrose (C12H22O11) = 22.5 g

Molar mass of C12H22O11 = (12×12) + (22×1) + (16×11)

= 144 + 22 + 176

= 342 g/mol

Mole of C12H22O11 =?

Mole = mass /Molar mass

Mole of C12H22O11 = 22.5 /342

Mole of sucrose (C12H22O11) = 0.066 mole

Next, we shall convert 35.5 mL to litres (L). This can be obtained as follow:

1000 mL = 1 L

Therefore,

35.5 mL = 35.5 mL × 1 L / 1000 mL

35.5 mL = 0.0355 L

Thus, 35.5 mL is equivalent to 0.0355 L.

Finally, we shall determine the molarity of the solution as follow:

Mole of sucrose (C12H22O11) = 0.066 mole

Volume of solution = 0.0355 L.

Molarity of solution =?

Molarity = mole /Volume

Molarity of solution = 0.066/0.0355

Molarity of solution = 1.86 M

Therefore, the molarity of the solution is 1.86 M.

8 0
3 years ago
All of the statements describe hydrogen bonds EXCEPT: a. Hydrogen bonds account for the anomalously high boiling point of water.
Mamont248 [21]

Answer:

The correct option is e

Explanation:

Hydrogen bond is an intermolecular interaction/bonding that are formed between an electronegative atom (such as nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine) and a hydrogen atom. They are weak intermolecular bonds compared to covalent bonds but account for the high boiling point of water because of the strong hydrogen bond presence between the water molecules. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds between each other; since an oxygen atom (in a water molecule) has two lone pairs on it's outermost shell, it forms an hydrogen bond with two hydrogen atoms of other water molecule. Due to the fluidity of liquid water molecules, hydrogen bonds keep getting broken (although recreated/formed almost immediately), hence, individual hydrogen bonds in liquid water does not exist for long.

In the explanation above, it was stated that the strength of the hydrogen bond in water is the reason for it's high boiling point. The atoms in a water molecule are bent NOT linear hence the strength of hydrogen bond does not depend on the linearity of the atoms involved in the bond.

3 0
3 years ago
What are some natural resources that are limited on earth
inysia [295]

Answer:

oil, ores, and fossils.

5 0
3 years ago
PLEASE HELP ASAP!
choli [55]

Answer:

\large \boxed{\text{D. 710 g}}

Explanation:

1. Calculate the molar mass of Na₂SO₄

\begin{array}{ccc}\textbf{Atoms} &\textbf{M}_{\textbf{r}} & \textbf{Mass/u}\\\text{2Na} & 23 & 46\\\text{1S} & 32 & 32\\\text{4O}&16 & 64\\&\text{TOTAL =} & \mathbf{142}\\\end{array}

The molar mass of Na₂SO₄ is 142 g/mol.

2. Calculate the moles of Na₂SO₄

\text{Moles of Na$_{2}$SO}_{4} = \text{2.5 L solution} \times \dfrac{\text{2.0 mol Na$_{2}$SO}_{4}}{\text{1 L solution}} = \text{5.0 mol Na$_{2}$SO}_{4}

3. Calculate the mass of Na₂SO₄

\text{Mass of Na$_{2}$SO}_{4} = \text{5.0 mol Na$_{2}$SO}_{4} \times \dfrac{\text{142 g Na$_{2}$SO}_{4}}{\text{1 mol Na$_{2}$SO}_{4}} = \text{710 g Na$_{2}$SO}_{4}\\\\\text{You need } \large \boxed{\textbf{710 g}} \text{ of Na$_{2}$SO}_{4}

6 0
3 years ago
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