Answer:
B. they are pumped by proteins that require ATP hydrolysis and when the electrical charge gradient repulses or attracts them
Explanation:
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Ions move in the direction opposite to that favored by the chemical concentration gradient when they are pumped by proteins that require ATP hydrolysis and when the electrical charge gradient repulses or attracts them because active pumping moves ions against their chemical concentration gradients and the Nernst equation describes how membrane potentials can yield electrical gradients to motivate ion movement.
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The Lewis structures in which there are no formal charges is the most stable. Hence, structure (b) is the more stable form of FNO2.
<h3>Lewis structure</h3>
The question is incomplete but I will try to answer you as much as I can. Now the equation is missing hence we can't numerically caculate the enthalpy chnage of the reaction from bond energies. However, we can do this using the formula; Σbond energy of reactants - bond energy of products.
Concerning the Lewis structures of FNO2, the most stable structure is structure (b) as shown in the image attached where the atoms have no formal charges.
Learn more about Lewis structure:brainly.com/question/4144781
The eight-element periodicity found in the Periodic Table is related to the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms that make up each element
this statement is true
Carbon and hydrogen
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