Answer: the effects of cholera toxin on cAMP in the intestinal cells is that it INCREASES cAMP production.
Explanation:
Vibrio cholerae is a gram negative bacterium which produces a protein cholera toxin that is responsible for the characteristic symptoms of cholera such as
watery diarrhea, vomiting, rapid heart rate, loss of skin elasticity, low blood pressure, thirst, and muscle cramps. There is need for body fluids and Na replacement to avoid severe dehydration results which may lead to death.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate( cAMP) is a derivative used for intracellular signal transduction in organisms. The cholera toxin produced by the bacteria INCREASES the production of cAMP through its polypeptides( which consist of active protomer and binding protomer). The cholera toxin first binds to cell surface receptors, the protomer then enters the cell and bind with and activate the adenylate cyclase. Increasing adenylate cyclase activity will INCREASE cellular levels of cAMP, increasing the activity of ion pumps that remove ions from the cell. Due to osmotic pressure changes, water also must flow with the ions into the lumen of the intestinal mucosa, dehydrating the tissue. I hope this helps, thanks.
Meso−2,3−butanediol is the product of the top reaction
Answer:
Blues
Explanation:
Colors of Rainbow => ROYGBIV
Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
low energy => => => => => => => => => => high energy
low frequency => => => => => => => => => high frequency
long wavelengths => => => => => => => => short wavelengths
Note: All L's on the Left => low, low, long; other end are opposites.
1 mole of any gas under STP has volume 22.4 L,
we have 2 mole of gas, so volume of container should be 2*22.4 L= 44.8 L
<span>only thing is that if your water has large number of different ions than it will be tedious job to test each as they maybe linked</span>