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stira [4]
3 years ago
11

atch the following aqueous solutions with the appropriate letter from the column on the right. fill in the blank 1 A 1. 0.20 m N

iSO4 A. Highest boiling point fill in the blank 2 B 2. 0.19 m NH4I B. Second highest boiling point fill in the blank 3 C 3. 0.17 m NH4NO3 C. Third highest boiling point fill in the blank 4 D 4. 0.43 m Urea(nonelectrolyte) D. Lowest boiling point
Chemistry
1 answer:
Firdavs [7]3 years ago
6 0

Answer:

Highest boiling point - 0.43 m Urea

Second highest boiling point - 0.20 m NiSO4

Third highest boiling point - 0.19 m NH4I

Lowest boiling point - 0.17 m NH4NO3

Explanation:

We know that;

ΔT = kb m i

Where;

ΔT = boiling point elevation

kb = boiling point constant

m = molality of the solution

i = Van't Hoff factor

For NiSO4 , NH4I  and NH4NO3 , the Van't Hoff factor, i = 2

But for Urea, the Van't Hoff factor, i = 1

We also have to consider both the values of the molality and Van't Hoff factor , knowing that a higher molality and a higher Van't Hoff factor leads to a higher ΔT and consequently a higher boiling point.

This facts above account for the arrangement of substances shown in the answer.

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Answer:

B. The temperature of the water when the food sample has finished burning completely.

Explanation:

Heat or thermal energy is a form of energy that transfers from one object to another due to a temperature difference between the objects. The units for heat are joules or calories.

Calorimetry is the measurement of heat energy released or absorbed in a chemical  reaction. A calorimeter is used in calorimetry. The calorimeter operates on the Law of Conservation of Energy which states that energy is never created or destroyed but is transformed from one form to another or between objects.

In food calorimetry, the energy released when food is burned is measured by recording the rise in temperature of water in a calorimeter when a given mass of a food sample is burned completely.

Energy can be calculated using the formula: Q = mc ∆T

where Q = the energy in joules or calories, m = the mass in grams, c = specific heat and ∆T = the change in temperature (final temperature - initial temperature).

The temperature of the water when the food sample has finished burning completely is taken as the final temperature of the water. The sample is allowed to smolder for sometime before recording the final  water temperature. This is because the water temperature will continue to rise after the  flame has gone out.

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All light waves can be described in terms of their speed, frequency, and_____
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Kevin is working on a model that shows the positions of Earth, the Moon, and the Sun during the phases of
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A weak bond called a ______ bond results from an attraction between a slightly positive region in a molecule and a slightly nega
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<u>Answer:</u> The weak bond having slightly positive region and a slightly negative region is polar covalent bond.

<u>Explanation:</u>

Covalent bond is defined as the bond which is formed by the sharing of electrons between the atoms. <u>For Example:</u> HCl, CH_4 etc..

They are of two types:

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In this bond, a dipole is created. More electropnegative atom will have a slight negative charge and less electronegative atom will have a slight positive charge. For Example: CO_2,NO_2 etc..

  • <u>Non-polar covalent bond:</u> This bond is formed when there is no difference in electronegativity between the atoms. When atoms of the same element combine, it results in the formation of non-polar covalent bond. For Example: N_2,O_2 etc..

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How does the nervous system work with the digestive system?
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Answer:

Enteric Nervous System

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that directly controls the gastrointestinal system.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Describe the structure and function of the enteric nervous system (ENS)

KEY TAKEAWAYS

Key Points

The enteric nervous system (ENS), which is embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system, can operate independently of the brain and the spinal cord.

The ENS consists of two plexuses, the submucosal and the myenteric. The myenteric plexus increases the tone of the gut and the velocity and intensity of contractions. The submucosal plexus is involved with local conditions and controls local secretion, absorption, and muscle movements.

While described as a second brain, the enteric nervous system normally communicates with the central nervous system (CNS) through the parasympathetic (via the vagus nerve ) and sympathetic (via the prevertebral ganglia) nervous systems, but can still function when the vagus nerve is severed.

The ENS includes efferent neurons, afferent neurons, and interneurons, all of which make the ENS capable of carrying reflexes and acting as an integrating center in the absence of CNS input.

The ENS contains support cells, which are similar to the astroglia of the brain, and a diffusion barrier around the capillaries surrounding the ganglia, which is similar to the blood –brain barrier of cerebral blood vessels.

Key Terms

enteric nervous system: A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal system.

EXAMPLES

The second brain of the enteric nervous system is the reason we get butterflies in our stomach or need to use the restroom more frequently when we are nervous and/or under stress.

The gastrointestinal (GI) system has its own nervous system, the enteric nervous system (ENS). Neurogastroenterology is the study of the enteric nervous system, a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that directly controls the gastrointestinal system. The ENS is capable of autonomous functions such as the coordination of reflexes.

Although it receives considerable innervation from the autonomic nervous system, it can and does operate independently of the brain and the spinal cord. The ENS consists of some 100 million neurons, one-thousandth of the number of neurons in the brain, and about one-tenth the number of neurons in the spinal cord. The enteric nervous system is embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system.

Ganglia of the ENS

The neurons of the ENS are collected into two types of ganglia:

The myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus, located between the inner and outer layers of the muscularis externa

The submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus, located in the submucosa

The Myenteric Plexus

The myenteric plexus is mainly organized as a longitudinal chains of neurons. When stimulated, this plexus increases the tone of the gut as well as the velocity and intensity of its contractions. This plexus is concerned with motility throughout the whole gut. Inhibition of the myenteric system helps to relax the sphincters —the muscular rings that control the flow of digested food or food waste.

The Submucosal Plexus

The submucosal plexus is more involved with local conditions and controls local secretion and absorption, as well as local muscle movements. The mucosa and epithelial tissue associated with the submucosal plexus have sensory nerve endings that feed signals to both layers of the enteric plexus. These tissues also send information back to the sympathetic pre-vertebral ganglia, the spinal cord, and the brain stem.

This is an illustration of neural control of the gut wall by the autonomic nervous system and the enteric nervous system. A sensory neuron is shown to stimulate the nerves in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses, which are connected to nerves in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sensory neuron is also shown signal the ganglia and central nervous system.

Neural control of the gut: An illustration of neural control of the gut wall by the autonomic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.

Function and Structure of the ENS

The enteric nervous system has been described as a second brain. There are several reasons for this. For instance, the enteric nervous system can operate autonomously. It normally communicates with the central nervous system (CNS) through the parasympathetic (e.g., via the vagus nerve) and sympathetic (e.g., via the prevertebral ganglia) nervous systems. However, vertebrate studies show that when the vagus nerve is severed, the enteric nervous system continues to function.

Explanation:

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