This is due to the phenomenon known as the Inert pair effect.
Orbitals shield better with a lower azimuthal quantum number(l). Hence, s orbitals shield better than p which shields better than d which is better than f, etc.
The electronic configuration of Si is [Ne] 3s²3p². The 2s and 2p orbitals are shielding the electrons from the nucleus. So the s and p electrons are ready to be ionized. And hence shows a +4 oxidation state.
Similarly, as we move down the group, atomic size increases, and metallic character also increases. Also, lead is below Si and a lower oxidation state is more stable down the group. Hence lead shows a +2 oxidation state.
To learn more about the oxidation state, visit: brainly.com/question/11313964
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Answer:
The correct answer is: <em>The addition of water will change the concentration of the substances in equilibrium.</em>
Explanation:
For chemical reactions, the equilibrium constant is defined as the ratio between the concentration of products and reactants. In this expression pure substances should not be written, like pure liquids and gases. Since water is a pure liquid should not appear in the equilibrium. However, water is the solvent of all the solutes or substances in the reaction, thus the addition of water will make all the substances to be diluted. Also, because of the Le Châtelier principle the equilibrium should be re-establish and the concentrations whitten in the equilibrium constant should change too.
That they are random, constant, and straight -line motion.
The pattern recognition is the advantage of human having evolved in order to survive. Each stage of pattern recognition introduces various of both internal and external noise which makes accuracy difficulties and it is exponentially increasing as you move down the chain. As pointed out signal detection theory can never be perfect and must be traded off between missing pattern and .
