Answer:
a. The null and alternative hypothesis can be written as:

b. A Type I error is made when a true null hypothesis is rejected. In this case, it would happen if it is concluded that the actual mean outstanding credit card debt of college undergraduate is significantly less than $3173, when in fact it does not.
A Type II error is made when a false null hypothesis is failed to be rejected. In this case, the actual mean outstanding credit card debt of college undergraduate is in fact less than $3173, but the test concludes there is no enough evidence to claim that.
Step-by-step explanation:
We have a prior study of the mean outstanding credit card debt of college undergraduate that states that it was $3173 in 2010.
A researcher believes that this amount has decreased since then.
Then, he has to perform a hypothesis test where the null hypothesis states that the mean is still $3173 and an alternative hypothesis that states that the actual credit card debt is significantly smaller than $3173.
The null and alternative hypothesis can be written as:

4,2,0,-2,-4,-6,-8,-10 because you subtract 2 each time
E^2=0.36 take the square root of both sides
e=±0.6
Answer:
2.4274
Step-by-step explanation:
This is just a simple multiplication problem.
One way to do this is by converting both decimals into fractions:
1.06 = 1 + 0.06 = 1 + 6/100 = 1 + 3/50 = 53/50
2.29 = 2 + 0.29 = 2 + 29/100 = 229/100
Multiplying these two fractions, we get:

Now, we can just convert this into a decimal by using a calculator:
12137/5000 = 2.4274, which is our answer.
Of course, you could just put the numbers in a calculator, which would be much less time-consuming.