Explain why cold fusion has yet to be solved. Your answer should be 6 or more sentences long.

Chemistry

1 answer:

Naddika [18.5K]3 years ago

3 0

Answer:

Because cold fusion is still an unresolved and controversial subject that generates strong opinions and passionate debate among scientists, I begin by stating up front that I am a mainstream plasma physicist researching fusion energy. I also read many of the papers published on cold fusion, however. I attended the last three International Conferences on Cold Fusion, and I myself ran two sets of cold fusion experiments, both with no clear evidence of excess power release. Overall, I consider myself to be a fairly neutral observer

Explanation:

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At first glance, we expect the Zeff of sodium (Z = 11) to be _____, but in reality, it is closer to 2.667 because _____.

miv72 [106K]

This problem is asking for the theoretical effective nuclear charge for sodium and a reason behind its difference with the actual one. At the end, the answers are 1+ and because the 3s¹ electron has a small probability of being closer to the nucleus.

<h3>Effective nuclear charges</h3>

In chemistry, the effective nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge valence electrons experience. In addition, one can approximate it with the equation:

Zeff = Z – S

Where Z is the atomic number or number of electrons and S the core electrons.

In such a way, since sodium has 11 electrons and 10 core electrons due to its electron configuration (1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹), one concludes its effective nuclear charge is:

Zeff = 11 - 10 = +1

On the other hand, since the actual effective nuclear charge has a value of about 2.667, one concludes this difference is due to the fact that the 3s¹ electron has a small tendency of being closer to the nucleus and therefore, there is a likelihood that this electron undergoes a greater attraction in comparison to the proposed in the theoretical model.