We have that you can you prepare 450 ml of 1 X buffer A by adding 45ml of 10X buffer A with 405ml(450-45) of water
From the question we are told
If you have 100 ml of 10X Buffer A, how could you prepare 450 ml of 1 X buffer A
Generally the equation for the Concentration Volume relationship is mathematically given as

Therefore
You can you prepare 450 ml of 1 X buffer A by adding 45ml of 10X buffer A with 405ml(450-45) of water
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Viscosity refers to a fuilds resistance to flow.
EX: Honey have higher viscosity than water.
Answer:
c. contraction
Explanation:
Heating will cause substances to expand, or change their state (like solid to liquid) or it may be a chemical reaction.
Since it’s asking for chemical to thermal, B.