Answer:
The tectonic style and viability of modern plate tectonics in the early Earth is still debated. Field observations and theoretical arguments both in favor and against the uniformitarian view of plate tectonics back until the Archean continue to accumulate. Here, we present the first numerical modeling results that address for a hotter Earth the viability of subduction, one of the main requirements for plate tectonics. A hotter mantle has mainly two effects: 1) viscosity is lower, and 2) more melt is produced, which in a plate tectonic setting will lead to a thicker oceanic crust and harzburgite layer. Although compositional buoyancy resulting from these thick crust and harzburgite might be a serious limitation for subduction initiation, our modeling results show that eclogitization significantly relaxes this limitation for a developed, ongoing subduction process. Furthermore, the lower viscosity leads to more frequent slab breakoff, and sometimes to crustal separation from the mantle lithosphere. Unlike earlier propositions, not compositional buoyancy considerations, but this lithospheric weakness could be the principle limitation to the viability of plate tectonics in a hotter Earth. These results suggest a new explanation for the absence of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism (UHPM) and blueschists in most of the Precambrian: early slabs were not too buoyant, but too weak to provide a mechanism for UHPM and exhumation.
Explanation:
Answer:
All elements with 84 or more protons are unstable; they eventually undergo decay. Other isotopes with fewer protons in their nucleus are also radioactive.
Answer:
Reduced species and oxidizing agent: sulfur in the form of sulfate.
Oxidized species and reducing agent: chromium in the form of chromous hydroxide.
Explanation:
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In this case, for the reaction:
We can see that the oxidation states of sulfur and chromium change from +6 to +4 and +3 to +6 respectively; in such a way, since the oxidized species is the same reducing agent because it undergoes an increase in the oxidation state, we infer that chromium is it as it goes from +3 to +6.
Moreover, since the reduced species is the same oxidizing agent because it undergoes a decrease in the oxidation state, we infer that sulfur is it as it goes from +6 to +4.
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Answer:
Pretty sure the answer is B
