Which of the following is a variable expense for many adults?

Explain with schematics the operating principle of solid state lasers.

alina1380 [7]

Explanation:

A solid state laser contains a cavity like structure fitted with spherical mirrors or plane mirrors at the end filled with a rigidly bonded crystal. It uses solid as the medium. It uses glass or crystalline materials.

It is known that active medium used for this type of laser is a solid material. This lasers are pumped optically by means of a light source which is used as a source of energy for the laser. The solid materials gets excited by absorbing energy in the form of light from the light source. Here the pumping source is light energy.

7 0

3 years ago

A heat engine receives heat from a heat source at 1453 C and has a thermal efficiency of 43 percent. The heat engine does maximu

xxMikexx [17]

Answer:

a) 1253 kJ

b) 714 kJ

c) 946 C

Explanation:

The thermal efficiency is given by this equation

η = L/Q1

Where

η: thermal efficiency

L: useful work

Q1: heat taken from the heat source

Rearranging:

Q1 = L/η

Replacing

Q1 = 539 / 0.43 = 1253 kJ

The first law of thermodynamics states that:

Q = L + ΔU

For a machine working in cycles ΔU is zero between homologous parts of the cycle.

Also we must remember that we count heat entering the system as positiv and heat leaving as negative.

We split the heat on the part that enters and the part that leaves.

Q1 + Q2 = L + 0

Q2 = L - Q1

Q2 = 539 - 1253 = -714 kJ

TO calculate a temperature for the heat sink we must consider this cycle as a Carnot cycle. Then we can use the thermal efficiency equation for the Carnot cycle, this one uses temperatures:

η = 1 - T2/T1

T2/T1 = 1 - η

T2 = (1 - η) * T1

The temperatures must be given in absolute scale (1453 C = 1180 K)

T2 = (1 - 0.43) * 1180 = 673 K

673 K = 946 C

8 0

3 years ago

the coil polarity in a waste spark system is determined by the direction in which the coil is wound (left hand rule for conventi

zaharov [31]

The coil polarity in a waste-spark system is determined by the direction in which the coil is wound (left-hand rule for conventional current flow)and can’t be changed. For example, if a V-8 engine has a firing order of 18436572 and the number 1 cylinder is on compression, which cylinder will be on the exhaust stroke?

3 0

2 years ago

Chemical manufacturers must present which information on the product's label?

Wewaii [24]

Answer:

hazardous chemicals leaving the workplace is labeled, tagged or marked with the following information: product identifier; signal word; hazard statement

Explanation:

this is so you know what chemicals are in it

6 0

3 years ago

A person walks into a refrigerated warehouse with head uncovered. Model the head as a 25- cm diameter sphere at 35°C with a surf

galina1969 [7]

Answer:

Hello some parts of your question is missing below is the missing part

Convection coefficient = 11 w/m^2. °c

answer : 44.83 watts

Explanation:

Given data :

surface emissivity ( ε )= 0.95

head ( sphere) diameter( D ) = 0.25 m

Temperature of sphere( T ) = 35° C

Temperature of surrounding ( T∞ ) = 25°C

Temperature of surrounding surface ( Ts ) = 15°C

б = ( 5.67 * 10^-8 )

Determine the total rate of heat loss

First we calculate the surface area of the sphere

As = $\pi D^{2}$

= $\pi * 0.25^2$ = 0.2 m^2

next we calculate heat loss due to radiation

Qrad = ε * б * As( $T^{4} - T^{4} _{s}$ ) ---- ( 1 )

where ;

ε = 0.95

б = ( 5.67 * 10^-8 )

As = 0.2 m^2

T = 35 + 273 = 308 k

Ts = 15 + 273 = 288 k

input values into equation 1

Qrad = 0.95 * ( 5.67 * 10^-8 ) * 0.2 ( (308)^4 - ( 288)^4 )

= 22.83 watts

Qrad ( heat loss due to radiation ) = 22.83 watts

calculate the heat loss due to convection

Qconv = h* As ( ΔT )

= 11*0.2 ( 35 -25 ) = 22 watts

Hence total rate of heat loss

= 22 + 22.83

= 44.83 watts

5 0

3 years ago