Answer:
a) The specific heat capacity means the amount of heat needed by a unit mass of a material to increase its temperature in one unit.
b) Liquid P - 
, Liquid Q - 
, Liquid R - 
, Liquid S - 
Explanation:
a) The specific heat capacity means the amount of heat needed by a unit mass of a material to increase its temperature in one unit.
b) Let suppose that heat transfer rates between liquids and surroundings are stable. The quantity of the heat released is determined by the following expression:
(1)
Where:
- Mass of the liquid, in kilograms.
- Specific heat capacity, in joules per kilogram-degree Celsius.
- Initial temperature of the sample, in degrees Celsius.
- Freezing point, in degrees Celsius.
Liquid P (
, 
, 
, 
)
Liquid Q (, 
, , 
)
Liquid R (, 
, , 
)
Liquid S (, 
, , 
)
Answer:
The book remained in its state of rest before the car started to move forward as no direct force acted on it.
Explanation:
According to Newton's first law of motion, a body will continue in its present state of rest, or if it is in motion, will continue to move with uniform speed in a straight line unless aced upon by an external force. This tendency of a body to remain in its state of reset or uniform motion in a straight line is known as inertia and is directly proportional to the mass of the body. The more massive a body, the more inertia it possesses. Thus Newton's first law is also known as the law of inertia.
Considering the case of the book on the dashboard of a stationary car which suddenly starts to move. While the car is stopped at the traffic light, the dashboard where the book sits and the book are both at rest. When the car begins to move forward, the dashboard moves forward with it. However as the book is not a part of the car, no force is directly acting on it, so the book so it stays at rest due to its inertia.
Therefore, as the car is moving forward, the stationary book appears to move backward from the reference point of the car, sliding off the dashboard.
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