Alpha, beta and gamma radiation are all types of radiation that can be emitted from the nucleus of an atom. Apart from this they are different. Alpha radiation consists of a helium nucleus, beta radiation consists of an electron (or positron) and gamma radiation consists of very high energy electromagnetic radiation.
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Phosphorus pentoxide is a white solid which does not have any distinct odour. The chemical formula of this compound is P4O10. However, it is named after its empirical formula, which is P2O5. The molar mass of phosphorus pentoxide corresponds to 283.9 g/mol.
Answer:
See explanation and images attached
Explanation:
a) In the mechanism for the acid catalysed esterification of propanoic acid using ethanol, we can see that the first step is the protonation of the acid followed by nucleophillic attack of the alcohol. Loss of water and consequent deprotonation regenerates the acid catalyst. We can see the fate of the 18O labelled ethanol in the mechanism shown.
b) In the second mechanism, an unnamed ester is hydrolysed using an acid catalyst. The attack of the acid and subsequent nucleophillic attack of water labelled with 18O leads to the incorporation of this 18O into the product acid as shown in the mechanism attached to this answer.
A general equation for a combustion reaction would be expressed as follows:
CxHy + (x+y/2)O2 = xCO2 + y/2H2O
Propane would obviously would only have carbon and hydrogen in its structure. Assuming a complete combustion, all of the carbon atoms would go to carbon dioxide and all of the hydrogen atoms to water. To determine the empirical, we determine the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms present.
moles C = 2.461 g CO2 ( 1 mol / 44.01 g ) ( 1 mol C / 1 mol CO2 ) = 0.06 mol C
moles H = 1.442 g H2O ( 1 mol / 18.02 g ) ( 2 mol H / 1 mol H ) = 0.16 mol H
Then, we divide the smallest amount to the each mole of the atoms. We do as follows:
C = 0.06 / 0.06 = 1
H = 0.16 / 0.06 = 2.67
Then we multiply a number in order to obtain a whole number ratio between the atoms.
1 CH2.67
2 C2H5.34
3 C3H8 <-------- empirical formula
1%
Explanation:
The crust is the thinnest layer of the earth accounting for only 1% total volume of the planets.
Compositionally, the earth is divided into three layers which are the crust, mantle and the core.
- The crust is the outermost layer of the earth. It rich in silicate minerals. The rocks are classified into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
- The mantle takes up about 84% of the total volume of the earth. It is located in between the crust and the core. It is predominantly made up of ferro-magnesian silicate minerals.
- The cores accounts for slightly 15% of the volume of the earth. It is the center of our geoid shaped earth. It is rich in iron and nickel metals.
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