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Radius of the positive ion will be smaller than the radius of its parent atom.
<h3>Explanation</h3>
Sodium Na has atomic number 11. A neutral Na atom has 11 electrons. It has
- 2 electrons in the first main shell,
- 8 electrons in the second main shell, and
- 1 electron in the third main shell.
Na tends to lose one electron. It would form an Na⁺ ion. The ion is positive and has ten electrons. It has
- 2 electrons in the first main shell, and
- 8 electrons in the second main shell.
Three of the main shells of Na contain electrons. Only two main shells contain electrons in Na⁺. The energy of the second main shell is higher than the first. It is more distant from the nucleus than the first electron shell. Similarly, the third main shell is further away from the nucleus than the second.
The outermost shell in Na is the third main shell. The outermost shell in Na⁺ is the second main shell. As a result, the outermost electrons in Na are further away from the nucleus that electrons in Na⁺. As a result, the radius of Na appears to be larger than that of Na⁺.
When an atom loses electrons to form a positive cation, it tends to lose all electron in its outermost shell (the valence shell). That will give the ion an octet, which is more stable than having one or two electrons left in the valence shell. The rule on Na shall still apply. The positive ion will have one less main shell; its radius shall be smaller than that of the parent atom.
Answer :
The substance is in the gas phase only in region → 5
The substance is in both the liquid and the solid phase in region → 2
The substance is in only the liquid phase in region → 3
The melting point is the temperature at region → 2
The boiling point is the temperature at region → 4
Explanation :
Six phases of substance:
- Melting or fusion : In this process the phase changes from solid state to liquid state at constant temperature.
- Freezing : In this process the phase changes from liquid state to solid state at constant temperature.
- Evaporation : In this process the phase changes from liquid state to gaseous state at constant temperature.
- Condensation : In this process the phase changes from gaseous state to liquid state at constant temperature.
- Sublimation : In this process the phase changes from solid state to gaseous state without passing through the liquid state at constant temperature.
- Deposition : In this process the phase changes from gaseous state to solid state without passing through the liquid state at constant temperature.
Mass is required for gravity. Higher mass implies higher gravitational drag. Most of these thoughts are tied to other planets without atmospheres, or the moon. The moon doesn't have any air or atmosphere and it pulls the Earth water.
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