Electronegativity is the strength an atom has to attract a bonding pair of electrons to itself. When a chlorine atom covalently bonds to another chlorine atom, the shared electron pair is shared equally. The electron density that comprises the covalent bond is located halfway between the two atoms.
But what happens when the two atoms involved in a bond aren’t the same? The two positively charged nuclei have different attractive forces; they “pull” on the electron pair to different degrees. The end result is that the electron pair is shifted toward one atom.
ATTRACTING ELECTRONS: ELECTRONEGATIVITIES
The larger the value of the electronegativity, the greater the atom’s strength to attract a bonding pair of electrons. The following figure shows the electronegativity values of the various elements below each element symbol on the periodic table. With a few exceptions, the electronegativities increase, from left to right, in a period, and decrease, from top to bottom, in a family.
Electronegativities give information about what will happen to the bonding pair of electrons when two atoms bond. A bond in which the electron pair is equally shared is called a nonpolar covalent bond. You have a nonpolar covalent bond anytime the two atoms involved in the bond are the same or anytime the difference in the electronegativities of the atoms involved in the bond is very small.

Now consider hydrogen chloride (HCl). Hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.1, and chlorine has an electronegativity of 3.0. The electron pair that is bonding HCl together shifts toward the chlorine atom because it has a larger electronegativity value.
A bond in which the electron pair is shifted toward one atom is called a polar covalent bond. The atom that more strongly attracts the bonding electron pair is slightly more negative, while the other atom is slightly more positive. The larger the difference in the electronegativities, the more negative and positive the atoms become.
Now look at a case in which the two atoms have extremely different electronegativities — sodium chloride (NaCl). Sodium chloride is ionically bonded. An electron has transferred from sodium to chlorine. Sodium has an electronegativity of 1.0, and chlorine has an electronegativity of 3.0.
That’s an electronegativity difference of 2.0 (3.0 – 1.0), making the bond between the two atoms very, very polar. In fact, the electronegativity difference provides another way of predicting the kind of bond that will form between two elements, as indicated in the following table.
Electronegativity DifferenceType of Bond Formed0.0 to 0.2nonpolar covalent0.3 to 1.4polar covalent> 1.5ionic
The presence of a polar covalent bond in a molecule can
Divide
1) Formulas:
a) mole fraction of component 1, X1
X1 = number of moles of compoent 1 / total number of moles
b) Molar mass = number grams / number of moles => number of moles = number of grams / molar mass
2) Application
Number of moles of CaI2 = 0.400
Molar mass of water = 18.0 g/mol
Number of moles of water: 850.0 g / 18.0 g/mol = 47.22 mol
Total number of moles = 0.400 + 47.22 =47.62
Molar fraction of CaI2 = 0.400 / 47.62 = 0.00840
Answer:
NH3 has greater water solubility due to intermoleculate interactions
Explanation:
Hi:
If we represent the structures of NH3 and SbH3 we can see that they are similar to the naked eye, this is because N and Sb belong to the same group of the periodic table (group 15).
However, the electronegativity of N is greater than that of Sb. The NH3 molecule is polar and can form an intermolecular interaction called hydrogen bridge with water.
Sb is less electronegative than N. The SBH3 molecule forms an intermolecular interaction with water called dipole-induced dipole.
The zone with positive charge density of the water molecule (hydrogens) is oriented towards the zone with positive charge density of SBH3 (the pair of electrons not shared)
Stronger intermolecular junctions allow greater solubility of NH3 molecules.
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Explanation:
It is often desirable to determine the mass percent of elements in a given compound.
To determine the mass percent of elements:
- Evaluate the formula mass of the compound. This is done by summing the atomic masses of the atoms in the compound together.
- The mass percentage is determined by pacing the mass contribution of each element or group to the formula mass of the compound and multiply by 100.
Learn more:
Percent by mass brainly.com/question/5544078
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