The conversion of DNA information into the messenger RNA is transcription. In the transcription process the genetic code sequence is transcribed into the mRNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Hence the process conversion DNA sequence into mRNA is called as transcription.
This family of ATPases is structurally related to the pumps that acidify lysosomes and vesicles; however, they usually function in reverse, generating ATP from ADP and Pi using proton gradients across membranes is called F-type pumps.
- The inner membrane of mitochondria and bacterial plasma membranes both contain F type pumps, which are necessary for the generation of ATP.
- It is also known as the ATP synthase complex or Complex V. By letting these protons passively return to the matrix, they use the proton gradient created by the flow of electrons to produce ATP.
- The F1 motor is the ATP turnover motor and,
- In mammals, the F0 motor, which is in charge of ion translocation, has nine subunits, nine of which are likely centered on the membrane's A, B, and C subunits, along with D, E, F2, F6, G2, and 8 subunits.
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Ecosystems maintain themselves by cycling energy and nutrients obtained from external sources. At the first trophic level<span>, </span>primary producers<span> (plants, algae, and some bacteria) use solar energy to produce organic plant material through photosynthesis. Herbivores—animals that feed solely on plants—make up the second trophic level. Predators that eat herbivores comprise the third trophic level; if larger predators are present, they represent still higher trophic levels. Organisms that feed at several trophic levels (for example, grizzly bears that eat berries and salmon) are classified at the highest of the trophic levels at which they feed. Decomposers, which include bacteria, fungi, molds, worms, and insects, break down wastes and dead organisms and return nutrients to the soil
I got this passage from Annenberg Learner
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