The first law of thermodynamics can be written as

where

is the variation of internal energy of the system

is the amount of heat absorbed by the system

is the work done by the system on the surrounding.
Using this form, the sign convention for Q and W becomes:
Q > 0 --> heat absorbed by the system (because it increases the internal energy)
Q < 0 --> heat released by the system (because it decreases the internal energy)
W > 0 --> work done by the system (for instance, an expansion: when the system expands, it does work on the surrounding, and so the internal energy decreases, this is why there is a negative sign in the formula Q-W)
W < 0 --> work done by the surrounding on the system (for instance, a compression: when the system is compressed, the surrounding is doing work on the system, and so the internal energy of the system increases)
Answer:
44.6 N
Explanation:
Draw a free body diagram of the block. There are four forces on the block:
Weight force mg pulling down,
Normal force N pushing up,
Friction force Nμ pushing left,
and applied force F pulling right 30° above horizontal.
Sum of forces in the y direction:
∑F = ma
N + F sin 30° − mg = 0
N = mg − F sin 30°
Sum of forces in the x direction:
∑F = ma
F cos 30° − Nμ = 0
F cos 30° = Nμ
N = F cos 30° / μ
Substitute:
mg − F sin 30° = F cos 30° / μ
mg = F sin 30° + (F cos 30° / μ)
Plug in values:
mg = 20 N sin 30° + (20 N cos 30° / 0.5)
mg = 44.6 N
The first scientist to introduce the concept of inertia was Galileo
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