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stealth61 [152]
2 years ago
10

Why are lightning formed in clouds?

Chemistry
1 answer:
VladimirAG [237]2 years ago
3 0

Explanation:

Because opposites attract, the negative charge at the bottom of the storm cloud wants to link up with the ground’s positive charge. Once the negative charge at the bottom of the cloud gets large enough, a flow of negative charge called a stepped leader rushes toward the Earth. The positive charges at the ground are attracted to the stepped leader, so positive charge flows upward from the ground. When the stepped leader and the positive charge meet, a strong electric current carries positive charge up into the cloud. This electric current is known as the return stroke. We see it as the bright flash of a lightning bolt.

Thunder and lightning occur at roughly the same time although you see the flash of lightning before you hear the thunder. This is because light travels much faster than sound

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20cm of 0.09M solution of H2SO4. requires 30cm of NaOH for complete neutralization. Calculate the
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Answer:

Choice A: approximately 0.12\; \rm M.

Explanation:

Note that the unit of concentration, \rm M, typically refers to moles per liter (that is: 1\; \rm M = 1\; \rm mol\cdot L^{-1}.)

On the other hand, the volume of the two solutions in this question are apparently given in \rm cm^3, which is the same as \rm mL (that is: 1\; \rm cm^{3} = 1\; \rm mL.) Convert the unit of volume to liters:

  • V(\mathrm{H_2SO_4}) = 20\; \rm cm^{3} = 20 \times 10^{-3}\; \rm L = 0.02\; \rm L.
  • V(\mathrm{NaOH}) = 30\; \rm cm^{3} = 30 \times 10^{-3}\; \rm L = 0.03\; \rm L.

Calculate the number of moles of \rm H_2SO_4 formula units in that 0.02\; \rm L of the 0.09\; \rm M solution:

\begin{aligned}n(\mathrm{H_2SO_4}) &= c(\mathrm{H_2SO_4}) \cdot V(\mathrm{H_2SO_4})\\ &= 0.02 \; \rm L \times 0.09 \; \rm mol\cdot L^{-1} = 0.0018\; \rm mol \end{aligned}.

Note that \rm H_2SO_4 (sulfuric acid) is a diprotic acid. When one mole of \rm H_2SO_4 completely dissolves in water, two moles of \rm H^{+} ions will be released.

On the other hand, \rm NaOH (sodium hydroxide) is a monoprotic base. When one mole of \rm NaOH formula units completely dissolve in water, only one mole of \rm OH^{-} ions will be released.

\rm H^{+} ions and \rm OH^{-} ions neutralize each other at a one-to-one ratio. Therefore, when one mole of the diprotic acid \rm H_2SO_4 dissolves in water completely, it will take two moles of \rm OH^{-} to neutralize that two moles of \rm H^{+} produced. On the other hand, two moles formula units of the monoprotic base \rm NaOH will be required to produce that two moles of \rm OH^{-}. Therefore, \rm NaOH and \rm H_2SO_4 formula units would neutralize each other at a two-to-one ratio.

\rm H_2SO_4 + 2\; NaOH \to Na_2SO_4 + 2\; H_2O.

\displaystyle \frac{n(\mathrm{NaOH})}{n(\mathrm{H_2SO_4})} = \frac{2}{1} = 2.

Previous calculations show that 0.0018\; \rm mol of \rm H_2SO_4 was produced. Calculate the number of moles of \rm NaOH formula units required to neutralize that

\begin{aligned}n(\mathrm{NaOH}) &= \frac{n(\mathrm{NaOH})}{n(\mathrm{H_2SO_4})}\cdot n(\mathrm{H_2SO_4}) \\&= 2 \times 0.0018\; \rm mol = 0.0036\; \rm mol\end{aligned}.

Calculate the concentration of a 0.03\; \rm L solution that contains exactly 0.0036\; \rm mol of \rm NaOH formula units:

\begin{aligned}c(\mathrm{NaOH}) &= \frac{n(\mathrm{NaOH})}{V(\mathrm{NaOH})} = \frac{0.0036\; \rm mol}{0.03\; \rm L} = 0.12\; \rm mol \cdot L^{-1}\end{aligned}.

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