The French were helped by the Hurons
According to Newton’s law of universal gravitation, as we move to higher altitudes, the force of gravity on us decreases and as we gain mass, the force of gravity on us increases both are the true statement.
<u>Explanation: </u>
Newton law of universal gravity extends gravity beyond the earth's surface. This gravity depends on the masses directly and inverse to the distance square between their centers.

Where,
F – Force, G – gravitational constant, M and m – masses in kg, r – distance in meters.
Since force is proportional to the masses of interacting objects. If the mass of any one object increases, gravity between them also gets increased. When moving to higher altitude, force decreases as the distance is inverse proportion to gravity.
(b) 71%
The thermal efficiency of a Carnot heat engine is given by:

where
W is the useful work done by the engine
is the heat in input to the machine
In this problem, we have:
is the heat absorbed
is the work done (175 kJ is the heat released to the sink, therefore the work done is equal to the difference between the heat in input and the heat released)
So, the efficiency is

(a) 
The efficiency of an engine can also be rewritten as

where
is the absolute temperature of the cold sink
is the temperature of the source
In this problem, the temperature of the sink is

So we can re-arrange the equation to find the temperature of the source:

Answer:
Other than the fact that momentum is a "vector" quantity I wouldn't know.
If the car had a momentum opposite to the chosen positive direction then its total momentum would be negative.