Answer:
most likely that (2) the replicated experiment was performed incorrectly.
Why, u ask? u dare question me:
1- The initial experiment invalidness cannot be proven.
2- <em><u>t</u></em><em><u>h</u></em><em><u>e</u></em><em><u> </u></em><em><u>s</u></em><em><u>e</u></em><em><u>c</u></em><em><u>o</u></em><em><u>n</u></em><em><u>d</u></em><em><u> </u></em><em><u>a</u></em><em><u>n</u></em><em><u>s</u></em><em><u>w</u></em><em><u>e</u></em><em><u>r</u></em><em><u> </u></em><em><u>i</u></em><em><u>s</u></em><em><u> </u></em><em><u>c</u></em><em><u>o</u></em><em><u>r</u></em><em><u>r</u></em><em><u>e</u></em><em><u>c</u></em><em><u>t</u></em>
3- Different labaratories does not effect the outcome, as long as the parameter and environment of the replicated experiment is the same as when the initial experiment was conducted.
4- Already knowing the data and errors would increase the precision of the replicated experiment.
5- Change in variables should still be in the objective (or purpose) of the experiment, thus, major difference in the outcome should not happen.
happy learning!
To know this you pretty much do have to kind of memorize a few electronegativities. I don't recall ever getting a table of electronegativities on an exam.
From the structure, you have:
I remember the following electronegativities most because they are fairly patterned:
EN
H
=
2.1
EN
C
=
2.5
EN
N
=
3.0
EN
O
=
3.5
EN
F
=
4.0
EN
Cl
=
3.5
Notice how carbon through fluorine go in increments of
~
0.5
. I believe Pauling made it that way when he determined electronegativities in the '30s.
Δ
EN
C
−
Cl
=
1.0
Δ
EN
C
−
H
=
0.4
Δ
EN
C
−
C
=
0.0
Δ
EN
C
−
O
=
1.0
Δ
EN
O
−
H
=
1.4
So naturally, with the greatest electronegativity difference of
4.0
−
2.5
=
1.5
, the
C
−
F
bond is most polar, i.e. that bond's electron distribution is the most drawn towards the more electronegative compound as compared to the rest.
When the electron distribution is polarized and drawn towards a more electronegative atom, the less electronegative atom has to move inwards because its nucleus was previously favorably attracted to the electrons from the other atom.
That means generally, the greater the electronegativity difference between two atoms is, the shorter you can expect the bond to be, insofar as the electronegative atom is the same size as another comparable electronegative atom.
However, examining actual data, we would see that on average, in conditions without other bond polarizations occuring:
r
C
−
Cl
≈
177 pm
r
C
−
C
≈
154 pm
r
C
−
O
≈
143 pm
r
C
−
F
≈
135 pm
r
C
−
H
≈
109 pm
r
O
−
H
≈
96 pm
So it is not necessarily the least electronegativity difference that gives the longest bond.
Therefore, you cannot simply consider electronegativity. Examining the radii of the atoms, you should notice that chlorine is the biggest atom in the compound.
r
Cl
≈
79 pm
r
C
≈
70 pm
r
H
≈
53 pm
r
O
≈
60 pm
So assuming the answer is truly
C
−
C
, what would have to hold true is that:
The
C
−
F
bond polarization makes the carbon more electropositive (which is true).
The now more electropositive carbon wishes to attract bonding pairs from chlorine closer, thereby shortening the
C
−
Cl
bond, and potentially the
C
−
H
bond (which is probably true).
The shortening of the
C
−
Cl
bond is somehow enough to be shorter than the
C
−
C
bond (this is debatable).
Explanation:
kinetic energy?? idek hope I helped in anyway possible
Answer:
11.0 dm³
Explanation:
From the question,
Applying
PV= nRT............... Equation 1
Where P = pressure of oxygen gas, V = volume of oxygen gas, n = number of moles of oxygen, R = molar constant, T = Temperature.
make V the subeject of the equation
V = nRT/P............. Equation 2
But,
Number of mole (n) = Mass of oxygen(m)/Molar mass of oxygen(m')
n = m/m'....................... Equation 3
Substitute equation 3 into equation 2
V = mRT/Pm'............. Equation 4
Given: T = 28°C = (28+273) = 301 K, P = 0.998 torr = (0.998×0.00131579) = 1.3132 atm, m = 18.4 g
Constant: R = 0.082 atm.dm³/K.mol, m' = 32 g/mol.
Substitute these values into equation 4
V = (301×18.4×0.082)/(32×1.3132)
V = 454.1488/42.0224
V = 10.81 dm³
V = 11.0 dm³
Answer: The volume of 0.684 mol of carbon dioxide at s.t.p. is 15.3 L
Explanation:
According to ideal gas equation:

P = pressure of gas = 1 atm (at STP)
V = Volume of gas = ?
n = number of moles = 0.684
R = gas constant = 
T =temperature =
(at STP)



Thus the volume of 0.684 mol of carbon dioxide at s.t.p. is 15.3 L