
Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The forces along the line joining the centre of the two objects.
❍ Let us consider two masses m1 and m2 line at a separation distance d. Let the force of attraction between the two objects be F.
According to universal law of gravitation,

Also,

Combining both, We will get

Or, We can write it as,

Where, G is the constant of proportionality and it is called 'Universal Gravitational constant'.
☯️ Hence, derived !!
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Answer:
The value is 
Explanation:
From the question we are told that
The magnitude of the horizontal force is 
The mass of the crate is 
The acceleration of the crate is 
Generally the net force acting on the crate is mathematically represented as

Here
is force of kinetic friction (in N) acting on the crate
So

=> 
The color components that will have the lowest index of refraction will be orange.
Bulbs c and b would still be screwed in if they were in to begin with and bulbs A, D, and E. would be unscrewed