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artcher [175]
3 years ago
9

(a) (1)

Chemistry
1 answer:
Elis [28]3 years ago
8 0

Explanation:

The ionization energy of an atom is the amount of energy that is required to remove an electron from a mole of atoms in the gas phase:

M(g)  ®  M+(g)  +  e-

It is possible to remove more electrons from most elements, so this quantity is more precisely known as the first ionization energy, the energy to go from neutral atoms to cations with a 1+ charge.  The second ionization energy is the energy that is required to remove a second electron, to form 2+ cations from 1+ cations:

M+(g)  ®  M2+(g)  +  e-

The third ionization energy is the energy required to form 3+ cations:

M2+(g)  ®  M3+(g)  +  e-

and so on.  Ionization energies are always positive numbers, because energy must be supplied (an endothermic energy change) to separate electrons from atoms.  The second ionization energy is always larger than the first ionization energy, because it requires even more energy to remove an electron from a cation than it is from a neutral atom.

The first ionization energy varies in a predictable way across the periodic table.  The ionization energy decreases from top to bottom in groups, and increases from left to right across a period.  Thus, helium has the largest first ionization energy, while francium has one of the lowest.

From top to bottom in a group, orbitals corresponding to higher values of the principal quantum number (n) are being added, which are on average further away from the nucleus.  Since the outermost electrons are further away, they are less strongly attracted by the nucleus, and are easier to remove, corresponding to a lower value for the first ionization energy.From left to right across a period, more protons are being added to the nucleus, but the number of electrons in the inner, lower-energy shells remains the same.  The valence electrons feel a higher effective nuclear charge — the sum of the charges on the protons in the nucleus and the charges on the inner, core electrons.  The valence electrons are therefore held more tightly, the atom decreases in size (see atomic radius), and it becomes increasingly difficult to remove them, corresponding to a higher value for the first ionization energy.

 

The following charts illustrate the general trends in the first ionization energy:

Dunno kung tama beng pero trysorry kung mali

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The gain of electrons by an element or ion in a reaction is called __.
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A 2.5% (by mass) solution concentration signifies that there is of solute in every 100 g of solution. 2. therefore, when 2.5% is
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Answer #1 is "there is 2.5 grams of solute in every 100 g of solution." 
We calculate for 2.5% by mass solution by dividing the mass of the solute by the mass of the solution and then multiply by 100.
Answer #2 is "that mass ratio would be 2.5/100 or 2.5 grams of solute/100 grams of solution." 
We weigh out 2.5 grams of solute and then add 97.5 grams of solvent to make a total of 100 gram solution, that is,
     mass of solute / mass of solution = 2.5g solute / (2.5g solute + 97.5g solvent)
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Answer#3 is "a solution mass of 1 kg is 10 times greater than 100 g, thus one kilogram (1 kg) of a 2.5% ki solution would contain 25 grams of ki."
We multiply 10 to each mass so that 100 grams becomes 1000grams since 1000 grams is equal to 1 kg:
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Answer:

81.3%

Explanation:

Step 1:

The balanced equation for the reaction:

This is shown below:

C3H8 + 5O2 —> 3CO2 + 4H2O

Step 2:

Data obtained from the question. This includes:

Mass of propane (C3H8) = 470 g

Actual yield of water (H2O) = 625 g

Percentage yield of water (H2O) =?

Step 3:

Determination of the mass of propane (C3H8) burned and the mass of water (H2O) produce from the balanced equation. This is illustrated below:

C3H8 + 5O2 —> 3CO2 + 4H2O

Molar Mass of C3H8 = (3x12) + (8x1) = 36 + 8 = 44g/mol

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Step 4:

Determination of the theoretical yield of H2O. This is illustrated below:

From the balanced equation above,

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Step 5:

Determination of the percentage yield of water (H2O). This is illustrated below:

Actual yield of water (H2O) = 625g

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Percentage yield = Actual yield/Theoretical yield x100

Percentage yield = 625/769.09 x100

Percentage yield = 81.3%

Therefore, the percentage yield of water (H2O) is 81.3%

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